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The way prices are set is changing: more accessible data, sophisticated algorithms, and ubiquitous online shopping have given retailers the ability to automatically tailor offers to customers in real-time or near-real-time based on increasing amounts of data about markets and consumers. A number of pricing strategies involving personal data, market data, and advanced machine learning—what […]

[…] Justine Gluck, Jared Bomberg, Soo Kang, Sean Perryman, and all other reviewers for their support on this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All FPF materials that are released publicly are free to share and adapt with appropriate attribution. Learn more . 1 Future of Privacy Forum | The Price is Right: Responsible Uses of Personal Data in […]

[…] otherwise the collection and use of biometric information is categorized as related to “high-risk” AI systems .  RBI systems can create a risk to the rights and freedoms of individuals simply by being deployed. The European Commission Guidelines and the AI Act Recitals both emphasize the risk of a “chilling effect” on the exercise […]

The West Coast now has a full set of chatbot laws on the books. Following California’s SB 243 (signed in 2025 and effective January 1, 2026) both Oregon (SB 1546) and Washington (HB 2225) enacted companion chatbot laws that will take effect on January 1, 2027. Together, these laws establish a new framework for regulating […]

[…] providing resources and take a more active role in mitigating harm. This ambiguity is notable in light of prior legislative proposals. For example, earlier (un-enacted) legislation in Virginia (SB 796) would have required operators to make reasonable efforts to notify emergency services or law enforcement in certain high-risk situations, an approach that raised significant […]

Blog 7 | Red Lines under the EU AI Act Series This blog is the seventh of a series that explores prohibited AI practices under the EU AI Act and their interplay with existing EU law. You can find the whole series here. The EU AI Act provides for rules on prohibited AI practices that the […]

Co-authored by Rafal Fryc With nearly 100 chatbot-specific bills introduced across states in 2026, a complex and increasingly fragmented compliance landscape is quickly emerging. This tracker helps stakeholders understand that landscape by highlighting chatbot legislation advancing through initial chambers in state legislatures and Congress, and organizing key provisions across proposals to show what is coming […]

[…] shortcomings such as limited reliability, the lack of specificity and the limited generalisability, which may lead to discriminatory outcomes and can be intrusive to the rights and freedoms of the concerned persons.  Acknowledging the power imbalances in these environments which, combined with the intrusive nature of these systems, could lead to detrimental or unfavorable […]

[…] the bill’s sponsor Rep. West (R) identified in House floor debate, this concluded Oklahoma’s multi-year journey to enacting a comprehensive consumer privacy law.  SB 546 is a Virginia-style law with few deviations from that model, and it will go into effect on January 1, 2027. This resource provides an overview of the law’s scope, […]

By FPF Legal Intern Rafal Fryc As artificial intelligence gets increasingly deployed across every sector of the economy, regulators find themselves grappling with a fundamental challenge: how to govern a technology that defies traditional regulatory frameworks and changes faster than legislation can keep pace. One increasingly common approach can be found outside the text of […]