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[…] during inference: it is used to encode input text for processing and decode output sequences back into human-readable text (i.e. the generated response). Figure 1. Sample vocabulary list from GPT-Legal; each token is associated with an ID (the vocabulary size of GPT-Legal is 128,256 tokens). The next stage is embedding. This is a mathematical […]

[…] also prescribes skill requirements. A DPO must have knowledge of data protection law and technology, an understanding of the business’s data processing operations, and the ability to promote a data protection culture with integrity. The required skill level depends on the complexity, scale, sensitivity and level of protection required for the data being processed.  […]

[…] third parties or the categories of third parties to whom the consumer’s personal data are disclosed. Continuing that trend, SB 1295 adds a right to access a list of the third parties to whom a controller sold a consumer’s personal data, or, if that information is not available, a list of all third parties […]

In May 2025, Nebraska and Vermont passed Age-Appropriate Design Code Acts (AADCs), continuing the bipartisan trend of states advancing protections for youth online. While these new bills arrived within the same week and share both a common name and general purpose, their scope, applicability, and substance take two very different approaches to a common […]

[…] lowest numerical applicability thresholds of any of the state comprehensive privacy laws when the law was enacted in 2023. At that time, prior comprehensive privacy laws in Virginia, Colorado, Utah, Connecticut, Iowa, and Indiana all applied to controllers that either (1) control or process the personal data of at least 100,000 consumers (“the general […]

[…] values are replaced with broader, less precise categories. Examples include replacing an exact birth date with just the birth year or an age range, a specific ZIP code with a larger geographic area, or a specific occupation with a broader job category. This is a core technique used to achieve k-anonymity. While it reduces […]

[…] 2060. This rapidly aging population presents complex challenges and opportunities, particularly in the increased demand for resources necessary for senior care and the use of AgeTech to promote improved autonomy and independence. FPF will lead rigorous, independent research into these issues, with a particular focus on the privacy expectations of seniors and caregivers, cost […]