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[…] did. To the team’s surprise, this happened even when the ‘reject’ was made the most prominent option. According to the panelist, this shows that users are overwhelmingly prone to agree without questioning their options. Dr. Schraffenberger’s team’s goal is to make users slow down before proceeding with their browsing in a given website, notably […]

[…] olicies  and  finding  “that  privacy  notices  are  used  as  one  part  of  an  ov erall  strategy  to  manage  the  risks  of  disclosing  personal  information  and  that consumers tend to read notices to manage risk. “).  This study indicates that e-consumers are not  prone to enter any PII if  they  are  skeptical  of  a  company’s  privacy  commitmen ts.   Id.  at  25  (stating  that  “f  consumers  perceive  priv acy  notices  as  being irrelevant because of format  issues, they may balk at even attempting  to read them as some  of the open ended comments illustrate.”) (internal  citations omitted).  50  […]

[…] Brass,  Being  in  the  Right  Place:  A  Structural  Analysis  of  Individual  Influence in an  Organization, 29 Admin Sci Q 518, 5 20, 532 (1984) (explaining that individuals  with a high level of network centrality  have  greate r access to and control  over resources leading  to  increased  influence  and  a  better  chance  of  promo tion);  Ronald  S.  Burt,  The  Social  Capital  of  Opinion  Leaders,  566  Annals  Am  Acad  Polit  &  Soc  Sci   37,  50  (1999)  (finding  that  supernodes  “enjoy  […]

[…] supra  note 153 (on law’s expressive functions).  52 Repairing Online Reputation     question  today  is  how  to  develop  norms  that  foster  more  civil  and  accountable online communities.    One  approach  is  to  develop  online  forums  that  promo te  community  standards  of  responsibility  and  accountability.    Fo r  example,  to  counter  the  Juicy  Campus  debacle, 253   a  Princeton  student  created  the  “ownwhatyouthink.com”  website,  […]

[…] pattern-based  analysis  of  traffi c  data,  such  as  may  be  intended  by  the  alleged  NSA  acquisition  of  t he  call  databases  80 Boston College Law Review   Relational Sur veillance & the First Amendment   81  tion are  prone to inaccuracy and abuse. How accurat ely does a particu- lar algorithm distinguish malevolent from protected  associative groups?  How well does the system protect against abuse by r ogue elements or by  government itself? Does the system adequately prote ct against “mission  creep”  away  from  truly  compelling  government  intere sts?  Assuming  that  the  system  uses  some  form  of  anonymizing  algor ithm,  […]

[…] most visited e- commerce websites in America. 91 These companies set an important precedent for the rest of the Internet world because: 1. Smaller e-commerce companies are prone to fo llow their lead in the information privacy arena; 2. Such companies have the potential to collect millions of pieces of PII from their customers […]

[…] encryption when combined together. The explicit encryption exemptions provi de a greater degree of process review than their Californian type counterparts 97 but they are nevertheless still prone to exempt notification based on category 2 and category 3 type encryption usage because of the difficulties that arise from attempts to ex plicitly define encryption […]

Architecting*Global*Ethics*Awareness**in*Transnational*Research*Programs*John%Murray,%SRI%International,%Silicon%Valley%CA%jxm@sri.com+November%2015%Summary:%Traditionally,%the%ethical%principles%that%guide%scientific%studies%involving%people%are%primarily%intended%to%cover%direct%human0centered%research.%However,%in%the%modern%online%world,%cyberHcentric%research%is%inherently%data0centered%in%nature,%and%researchers%frequently%operate%with%limited%awareness%of%the%potential%human%risks%and%effects%of%their%activities.%Indeed,%the%nature%of%their%work%is%such%that%any%organizational%oversight%of%their%research%may%be%absent.%Recently,%a%series%of%updates%to%the%U.S.%policies%and%regulations%governing%Institutional%Review%Boards%have%been%proposed,%which%are%likely%to%have%a%significant%impact%on%the%online%research%community.%However,%since%online%studies%inherently%cross%the%boundaries%of%multiple%jurisdictions,%there%is%now%an%even%greater%need%for%harmonizing%ethics%observance%regulations%and%guidelines%in%a%global%context.%(777777*Recent%developments%in%the%field%of%cybersecurity%studies%have%focused%attention%upon%the%ethics%involved%in%undertaking%such%academic%research.%In%particular,%such%discussions%often%center%upon%the%challenges%of%publishing%articles%that%discuss%cybersecurity%explorations%and%exploits,%which%may%reveal%potential%or%real%system%exposures%or%vulnerabilities.%%While%the%moral%dilemmas%of%revealing%system%vulnerabilities%in%academic%publications%are%indeed%important,%they%generally%come%towards%the%end%of%a%(potentially%lengthy)%research%effort,%well%after%other%damage%may%already%have%be%done.%%In%reality,%the%actual%ethical%challenges%should%have%been%considered%much%earlier%in%the%process,%when%the%research%team%were%designing%their%initial%investigations%and%data%collection%activities.%%The%policies%and%standards%based%on%the%1979%Belmont%Report%,%which%are%used%to%guide%scientific%ethics%reviews%across%the%U.S.%and%beyond,%have%limited%practical%relevance%to%modern%human%data%collection%and%analysis%activities%that%involve%highlyHnetworked%information%and%communications%technology%(ICT)%systems.%%%Consider%for%example%the%case%of%Batea%(https://batea.docgraph.com/study/),%which%is%a%web%browser%extension%that%research%volunteers%can%download%and%install,%in%order%to%track%their%use%of%Wikipedia’s%health%related%materials.%%The%tool%watches%what%they%do%within%the%site,%and%one%step%away%from%it%when%they%link%out.%The%idea%is%to%gain%insight%into%the%way%that%people%use%the%health%resources%on%Wikipedia,%in%order%to%help%develop%the%software,%policies,%and%social%infrastructure%necessary%to%support%such%usage%of%Wikipedia%in%the%most%natural%fashion.%%The%problem%is%that%collecting%such%data%could%be%invasive%or%the%resulting%logs%could%be%misused.%The%tool%could%also%potentially%form%a%slippery%slope%into%less%ethically%designed%research%by%others,%or%it%could%introduce%a%hacking%vulnerability%within%the% browser%system.%However,%because%of%the%distributed%and%voluntary%nature%of%the%Wikipedia%community,%it’s%not%clear%how%domainHknowledgeable%ethics%reviewers%should%be%involved,%to%provide%diligent%oversight%of%the%research%activities.%%In%the%broader%field%of%online%studies%in%general,%these%’locusHofHoverview’%impracticalities%are%exacerbated%by%the%pervasive%need%to%undertake%comprehensive,%transnational%experimental%projects,%where%much%of%the%human%data%collection%and%analysis%is%undertaken%remotely%across%varied,%and%often%incompatible,%legal%regimes%and%social%norms.%Yet%such%is%the%case%for%numerous%researchers%nowadays,%who%are%studying%ubiquitous%social%networks%and%global%crowdHsourcing%applications,%as%well%as%online%educational%and%gaming%environments,%cybersecurity%tools,%surveillance%systems,%etc.%%In%consideration%of%these%challenges,%%the%Menlo%Report%was%specifically%developed%to%address%issues%of%online%security,%privacy,%anonymity,%and%other%personal%identifiable%information%(PII)%concerns.%The%report’s%authors%recognized%that%the%broad%cyberHresearch%community%needs%a%more%rational%and%coordinated%strategy%for%managing%ethics%observance,%which%particularly%considers%the%scope%and%needs%of%ICT%research.%Such%a%tailored%approach%should%emphasize%studies%of%human%behavior%and%community%activity%online,%and%apply%across%multiple%jurisdictions%in%interactive%professional%and%social%environments.%This%transition%of%some%of%these%concerns%into%formal%policies%and%regulations%recently%progressed%with%the%publication%of%a%Notice%of%Proposed%Rulemaking%(NPRM)%in%the%U.S.%Federal%Register.%This%serves%to%promote%conversation%and%comment%from%parties%affected%by%the%proposed%changes.%The%latest%period%for%public%comments%on%the%NPRM%is%open%until%January%2016.%As%they%currently%stand,%some%of%the%proposed%changes%may%have%significant%implications%for%transHnational%cyberHresearch.%One%key%concern%is%the%extent%that%they%might%exacerbate%the%differences%between%human%subjects%research%requirements%in%the%U.S.%and%elsewhere,%while%at%the%same%time%relaxing%some%of%the%more%stringent%requirements%that%currently%apply%to%the%U.S.%research%community.%%Traditional%ethics%reviewers%try%to%ensure%equitable%distributions%of%burdens%and%benefits%among%the%human%subjects%actually%involved%in%the%study.%However,%online%research%activity%can%also%adversely%affect%innocent%bystanders%and%neutral%nonHparticipants.%Given%the%risks%associated%with%realHtime%dataHintensive%experiments,%such%studies%might%better%be%reviewed%in%terms%of%human0harming%research,%rather%than%human+subjects%research.%%%For%example,%solid%contingency%and%response%plans%are%needed%for%mitigation%of%realized%harms,%especially%for%lowHprobability/highHimpact%events.%These%types%of%safety%monitoring%procedures%are%standard%in%traditional%biomedical%studies,%but%are%rarely%considered%in%ICT%research.%Furthermore,%when%research%involves%surveillance,%profiling,%or%monitoring,%additional%vulnerability%protections%are%needed%to%prevent%the%misuse%of%findings%and%results.%This%is%particularly%the%case%when%novel%mergers%of%partial%data%from%several%public%sources%may%produce%PII%that%is%not%individually%available%from%just%one%of%them.%Other%concerns%arise%from% the%potential%for%abuse%of%data%for%social%discrimination,%especially%by%nonHinvestigators.%%Provisions%are%required%to%ensure%conformance%with%international%regulations%on%transborder%data%flow%that%include%personal%information.%In%this%regard,%the%current%oversight%policies%and%data%handling%processes%for%multiHjurisdictional%ethics%approvals%are%primarily%centered%upon%the%requirements%of%pharmaceutical%drug%trials,%medical%device%tests,%etc.,%rather%than%on%the%research%needs%in%globalHscale%social%science,%humanHmachine%systems,%and%ICT.%%%To%address%this%gap,%an%international%ethics%observance%organization%is%needed,%which%would%coordinate/oversee%regulations%and%guidelines%for%research%in%online%systems%and%other%cyberHenvironments%across%multiple%jurisdictions.%This%could%be%a%consortium%of%nonHprofit%organizations%in%several%domains,%which%would%ensure%smooth%transnational%processing%of%approvals.%It%seems%appropriate%that%such%a%consortium%would%need%to%have%the%backing%of%a%recognized%international%entity%such%as%UNESCO.%The%first%steps%toward%such%harmonization%could%be%merely%a%matter%of%coordinating%and%making%available%the%critical%features%of%each%local%research%context,%or%it%could%extend%to%negotiating%safe%harbors%for%compliance%with%local%research%context.%Thus,%if%a%study%complies%with%certain%key%components,%then%it%is%deemed%to%satisfy%local%research%context%requirements%for%specific%countries.%Another,%further%step%might%be%to%aim%for%legislative%harmonization%on%the%topic%of%research%protection.%%The%bottom%line%is%that%almost%any%form%of%standardized%ethical%framework%would%help%cyberspace%researchers%worldwide%become%more%aware%of%the%challenges%and%know%when%they%have%addressed%some%required%basic%considerations.%This%must%be%better%than%the%current%haphazard%obstacle%course,%which%generally%leaves%everyone%guessing%as%to%what%they%still%need%to%do,%to%work%through%this%ethical%minefield.%References:(:%%www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html%:%%www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CSD0MenloPrinciplesCOMPANION0201201030r731_0.pdf%:%+www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/09/08/2015021756/federal0policy0for0the0protection0of0human0subjects+000000+Dr.*John*Murray%is%a%Program%Director%in%the%Computer%Science%Laboratory%at%SRI%International.%His%research%interests%encompass%interactive%collaborative%systems,%software%engineering,%cognitive%ergonomics,%and%humanHmachine%systems.%He%has%led%many%innovative%interdisciplinary%systems%research%and%development%projects%both%in%academia%and%in%industry,%and%has%held%technical%leadership%and%executive%management%positions%at%several%international%corporations.%%His%technical%experience%includes%diagnostic%modeling%in%complex%networked%systems,%human%behavior%modeling%in%computer%gaming%studies,%smart%product%design,%and%mobile%wearable%computer%systems.%Dr.%Murray%has%received%advanced%degrees%from%Dublin%Institute%of%Technology%in%Ireland,%Stanford%University,%and%the%U.%of%Michigan,%where%he%was%also%an%adjunct%faculty%member.%He%is%also%a%Visiting%Scientist%in%the%College%of%Science%at%San%Jose%State%University.%%

[…] looking at the data … you can be one hundred percent guaranteed to be identified by simply your gait —how you walk.” 14 Sensor data sets are prone to what computer scientists call “sparsity” —individuals c an be re – identified relatively easily because sensor data measurements are so rich and detailed that each […]

https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/fpf-understanding-digital-data-flows-promo-v5.mp4