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[…] of$ existing$ ECPA$ reform$ proposals$ by$ focusing$ on$ a$prominent$ set$ of$ reforms$ advocated$ by$ an$ influential$ group$ known$ as$the$Digital$Due$Process$Coalition.$$$$$(A)(Federal(Surveillance(Law(Before(ECPA(Early$ federal$ surveillance$ laws$ began$ as$ efforts$ to$ regulate$ telephone$privacy.$The$telephone$was$invented$by$1880,14$and$it$proved$a$ dramatic$ advance$ over$ communication$ by$ telegraph.$ $But$ the$telephone$had$a$serious$privacy$flaw.$Any$person$who$had$access$to$the$physical$wires$carrying$the$call$could$tap$into$the$wire$and$intercept$the$call.$$In$ the$ early$ days$ of$ the$ telephone,$ wiretapping$ was$ rampant.15$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$14$Christopher$ Beauchamp,$ Who$ Invented$ the$ Telephone?:$ Lawyers,$ Patents,$and$the$Judgments$of$History,$51$Tech.$&$Culture$854,$855`66$(2010).$15$See( generally$SAMUAL$ DASH$ […]

[…] disbanded in 2007, 166. GSMA (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association) refers to the powerful trade association (including around a thousand mobile telecommunications companies) that promotes the GSM mobile telephone system world-wide. See Membership, GSMA, http://www.gsma.com/history/ (last visited Apr. 22, 2012). 167. Privacy Design Guidelines of Mobile Application Development, GSMA, http://www.gsma.com/documents/privacy-design-guidelines-for-mobile- application-development/20008 (last visited Apr. 22, […]

[…] that row of the table, or by an error in our parser. Values that are labeled illogical contradict themselves, as discussed in Section 4.4.1. email, web, and telephone. The opt-outs o ered are shown in Table 3. Overall, 13.6% of institutions o er at least one opt-out mechanisms. We observed 259 institutions that pro- […]

[…] with all of its customers’ telephony metadata, for all communications between the United States and abroad, as well as those “wholly within the United States, including local telephone calls.” 1 Further reports indicated that such classified orders are routinely sought and obtained with respect to virtually all U.S. telecoms. On this basis, it appears […]

[…] of the interviewees. Questionnaires were used to collect biographical data about the interviewees and organizational information about the firm. Follow -up interviews were conducted in person, by telephone, a nd over email, to collect additional information about corporate practices and procedures, and confirm the continued validity of the data. The policy and practice materials […]

[…] by members of Congress seeks to address the demands of privacy protection in the world dominated by extensive use of the internet for commerce and communication, cellular telephone communications, and social networking.17 3 168. For a convenient list, see Privacy Protections in State Constitutions, NAT’L CONF. ST. LEGISLATURES, http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/telecom/privacy-protections-in-state- constitutions.aspx (last visited Nov. 16, […]

[…] State…”23!Criteria!for!targeting!have! been!introduced!by! the! ECJ! in!the! joint!Pammer$and!Hotel$ Alpenhof$cases.24!Applying! the! targeting! test! under! the! Brussels! I! Regulation,! the!ECJ!specified! the! following!factors!inter$ alia!for! determining! extraterritorial! jurisdiction:!the! international! nature! of! the!activity;!use!of!a!language!or!a!currency!other!than!those!generally!used!by!the!organization;!mention! of! telephone! numbers! with! an! international! code;! use! of! a! top9level! domain! name!other!than!that!of!the!state!in!which!the!organization!is!established.!!!In! its! opinion! on! applicable! law,! the! Article! 29! Working! Party! expressly! supported! a!purposeful! targeting! test,! […]

[…] State…”23!Criteria!for!targeting!have! been!introduced!by! the! ECJ! in!the! joint!Pammer$and!Hotel$ Alpenhof$cases.24!Applying! the! targeting! test! under! the! Brussels! I! Regulation,! the!ECJ!specified! the! following!factors!inter$ alia!for! determining! extraterritorial! jurisdiction:!the! international! nature! of! the!activity;!use!of!a!language!or!a!currency!other!than!those!generally!used!by!the!organization;!mention! of! telephone! numbers! with! an! international! code;! use! of! a! top9level! domain! name!other!than!that!of!the!state!in!which!the!organization!is!established.!!!In! its! opinion! on! applicable! law,! the! Article! 29! Working! Party! expressly! supported! a!purposeful! targeting! test,! […]

[…] State…”23!Criteria!for!targeting!have! been!introduced!by! the! ECJ! in!the! joint!Pammer$and!Hotel$ Alpenhof$cases.24!Applying! the! targeting! test! under! the! Brussels! I! Regulation,! the!ECJ!specified! the! following!factors!inter$ alia!for! determining! extraterritorial! jurisdiction:!the! international! nature! of! the!activity;!use!of!a!language!or!a!currency!other!than!those!generally!used!by!the!organization;!mention! of! telephone! numbers! with! an! international! code;! use! of! a! top9level! domain! name!other!than!that!of!the!state!in!which!the!organization!is!established.!!!In! its! opinion! on! applicable! law,! the! Article! 29! Working! Party! expressly! supported! a!purposeful! targeting! test,! […]

[…] State…”23!Criteria!for!targeting!have! been!introduced!by! the! ECJ! in!the! joint!Pammer$and!Hotel$ Alpenhof$cases.24!Applying! the! targeting! test! under! the! Brussels! I! Regulation,! the!ECJ!specified! the! following!factors!inter$ alia!for! determining! extraterritorial! jurisdiction:!the! international! nature! of! the!activity;!use!of!a!language!or!a!currency!other!than!those!generally!used!by!the!organization;!mention! of! telephone! numbers! with! an! international! code;! use! of! a! top9level! domain! name!other!than!that!of!the!state!in!which!the!organization!is!established.!!!In! its! opinion! on! applicable! law,! the! Article! 29! Working! Party! expressly! supported! a!purposeful! targeting! test,! […]