Showing results for santa 20fe home 20security 20systems repair amp amp santa 20fe home 20security
The Case for Online Obscurity
[…] Dial -up Connections , and No Connections at All to the Internet , PEW INTERNET & AMERICAN LIFE PROJECT (Oct. 5, 2005), http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/165/report_display.asp ; John B. Horrigan, Home Broadband Adoption 2009 , PEW INTERNET & AMERICAN LIFE PROJECT (June 17, 2009). http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/10 –Home -Broadband -Adoption -2009.aspx . As these reports clearly indicate, use and […]
Social_Network_Theory_of_Privacy
[…] the interviewees’ social networks than their political party affiliation, their blood type, the presence or absence of a criminal record, their labor union membership, whether their home had been broken into in the past year, their approximate income, their religion, whether they ha d served in the military, the most important problems in their households, major life events tha […]
social_networks_privacy
[…] agencies and the largest corporations. Today, by contrast, my per – sonal computer has more processing power than an IBM mainframe from 30 years ago. 9 My home has a fiber-optic connection so bandwidth is rarely a limitation. Today, “we” own mainframes and use the Internet as a global distribution system. To explain the […]
Social Privacy In Networked Publics Teens Attitudes Practices and Strategies
Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,1!Social’Privacy’in’Networked’Publics:”Teens’’Attitudes,’Practices,’and’Strategies”danah!boyd!and!Alice!Marwick!Microsoft!Research!dmb@[email protected]!’!Waffles,!17,!NC1:!!Every,teenager,wants,privacy.,Every,single,last,one,of,them,,whether,they,tell,you,or,not,,wants,privacy.,Just,because,an,adult,thinks,they,know,the,person,doesn’t,mean,they,know,the,person.,And,just,because,teenagers,use,internet,sites,to,connect,to,other,people,doesn’t,mean,they,don’t,care,about,their,privacy.,We,don’t,tell,everybody,every,single,thing,about,our,lives.,We,tell,them,general,information,%,names,,places,,what,we,like,to,do,%,but,that’s,general,knowledge.,That’s,not,something,you,like,to,keep,private%%,”Oh,,I,play,games.,I,better,not,tell,anybody,about,that.”,I,mean%%,that’s,not,something,that,we,do.,So,to,go,ahead,and,say,that,teenagers,don’t,like,privacy,is,pretty,ignorant,and,inconsiderate,honestly,,I,believe,,on,the,adult’s,part.,!There’s!a!widespread!myth!that!American!teenagers!don’t!care!about!privacy.!!The!logic!is!simple:!Why!else!would!teenagers!share!so!much!on!Facebook!and!Twitter!and!YouTube?2!!There!is!little!doubt!that!many!–!but!not!all!–!American!teens!have!embraced!many!popular!social!media!services.3!!And!there!is!little!doubt!that!those!who!have!are!posting!photos,!sharing!links,!updating!status!messages,!and!commenting!on!each!other’s!posts.4!!Yet,!as!Waffles!explains!above,!participation!in!such!networked!publics!does!not!imply!that!today’s!teens!have!rejected!privacy!as!a!value.!!All!teens!have!a!sense!of!privacy,!although!their!definitions!of!privacy!vary!widely.!!Their!practices!in!networked!publics!are!shaped!by!their!interpretation!of!the!social!situation,!their!attitudes!towards!privacy!and!publicity,!and!their!ability!to!navigate!the!technological!and!social!environment.!As!such,!they!develop!intricate!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!The!names!used!in!this!article!are!pseudonyms.!!Some!were!chosen!by!the!participants!themselves;!others!were!chosen!by!the!authors!to!reflect!similar!gender!and!ethnic!roots!as!are!embedded!in!the!participants’!given!names.!All!identifying!information!in!teens’!quotes!has!been!altered!to!maintain!confidentiality.!2!A!2008!Harris!Interactive/CTIA!survey!about!teens’!relationship!to!their!mobile!was!publicized!as!indicating!that!kids!don’t!care!about!privacy!because!only!41%!indicated!that!they!were!concerned!about!privacy!and!security!issues!when!using!their!mobile:!http://files.ctia.org/pdf/HI_TeenMobileStudy_ResearchReport.pdf!!In!2010,!Chris!Jay!Hoofnagle,!Jennifer!King,!Su!Li,!and!Joseph!Turow!found!that!young!people’s!attitudes!about!privacy!parallel!adults’!attitudes,!but!their!skills!in!managing!privacy!online!are!often!lacking.!3!As!of!September!2009,!the!Pew!Internet!and!American!Life!Project!found!that!73%!of!American!teens!ages!12^17!use!a!social!network!site;!only!8%!of!teens!in!their!sample!used!Twitter.!!!See!Lenhart!et.!al.!2010.!!4!Of!teens!who!are!on!social!network!sites,!Pew!found!that!86%!comment!on!friends’!posts.!!They!also!found!that!38%!of!teens!ages!12^17!shared!content!online;!14%!keep!a!blog.!!See!Lenhart!et.!al.!2010.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,2!strategies!to!achieve!privacy!goals.!Their!practices!demonstrate!privacy!as!a!social!norm!that!is!achieved!through!a!wide!array!of!social!practices!configured!by!structural!conditions.!!!How!teens!approach!privacy!challenges!the!ways!in!which!privacy!is!currently!conceptualized,!discussed,!and!regulated.!!!This!paper!examines!how!teens!understand!privacy!and!what!strategies!they!take!in!their!efforts!to!achieve!social!privacy.!!We!describe!both!teens’!practices!and!the!structural!conditions!in!which!they!are!embedded,!highlighting!the!ways!in!which!privacy,!as!it!plays!out!in!everyday!life,!is!related!more!to!agency!and!the!ability!to!control!a!social!situation!than!particular!properties!of!information.!!Finally,!we!discuss!the!implications!of!teens’!practices,!revealing!the!importance!of!social!norms!as!a!regulatory!force.!!!The!data!used!in!this!paper!come!from!ethnographic!fieldwork!collected!across!20!different!U.S.!states!from!2006^2010.!!In!addition!to!both!online!and!offline!participant!observation,!we!conducted!163!90^minute!semi^structured!interviews.5!We!strategically!worked!to!sample!across!gender,!race,!ethnicity,!religion,!age,!socio^economic!background,!political!background,!and!school!engagement!level.!!All!of!the!teens!that!we!interviewed!were!in!high!school!or!had!recently!dropped!out!of!high!school.!!We!used!a!judgment!sample!to!elicit!diverse!perspectives!rather!than!attempting!to!obtain!a!representative!sample.!Privacy!was!the!central!topic!of!58!interviews!conducted!in!North!Carolina,!Massachusetts,!Tennessee,!and!Washington!DC!in!2010.!!While!we!draw!from!the!experiences!of!all!the!teens!we!interviewed,!the!voices!of!informants!from!these!regions!are!overrepresented!in!the!discussion.!!!!!What’is’Privacy?’!Privacy!is!a!fraught!concept,!with!no!clear!agreed^upon!definition.!!Philosophers!and!legal!scholars!have!worked!diligently!to!conceptually!locate!privacy!and!offer!a!framework!for!considering!how!and!when!it!has!been!violated.6!!Yet,!fundamentally,!privacy!is!a!social!construct!that!reflects!the!values!and!norms!of!everyday!people.!How!people!conceptualize!privacy!and!locate!it!in!their!life!varies!wildly,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5!This!ethnographic!project!is!an!extension!of!the!one!described!in!danah!boyd’s!2008!Taken,Out,of,Context:,American,Teen,Sociality,in,Networked,Publics.!!A!detailed!account!of!the!methodological!procedures!is!available!there.!6!The!definitions!of!privacy!are!numerous.!Helen!Nissenbaum!(2010)!relates!multiple!definitions!of!privacy!and!groups!them!based!on!whether!they!are!normative!or!descriptive;!emphasize!access!vs.!control;!or!emphasize!promoting!other!values!vs.!protecting!a!private!realm.!These!include!definitions!from!Ruth!Gavison!!(“a!measure!of!the!access!others!have!to!you!through!information,!attention,!and!physical!proximity”)!(68);!Jeffrey!Reiman!(“the!condition!under!which!other!people!are!deprived!of!access!to!either!some!information!about!you!or!some!experience!of!you”)!(1976,!30);!Westin’s!”the!claim!of!individuals,!groups,!or!institutions!to!determine!for!themselves!when,!how,!and!to!what!extent!information!about!them!is!communicated!to!others!(Westin!1967,!7),!and!Anita!Allen!(who!defines!three!types!of!privacy:!physical!privacy,!informational!privacy,!and!proprietary!privacy,!71).!See!Nissenbaum!2010!for!a!full!discussion.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,3!highlighting!that!a!universal!notion!of!privacy!remains!enigmatic.7!!When!we!asked!teens!to!define!privacy!for!us,!their!cacophonous!responses!reveal!the!diverse!approaches!that!can!be!taken!to!understand!privacy.8!!While!these!discussions!do!not!help!to!determine!a!precise!definition!of!privacy,!how!teens!attempt!to!explain!privacy!demonstrates!its!importance!to!them.!!Both!legally!and!philosophically,!privacy!has!been!conceptualized!as!a!dichotomy!in!which!people!are!entitled!to!greater!privacy!protections!in!the!domestic!sphere!due!to!its!intimate!and!personal!nature.9!!!Although!teens!recognize!the!spatial!dimension!of!privacy,!this!dichotomy!does!not!reflect!the!realities!of!young!people’s!lives.!!For!example,!Jabari!(17,!TN)!argues!that!privacy!is!”having,my,own,space,and,not,necessarily,not,having,people,involved,in,my,life,,but,having,the,opportunity,to,be,alone,or,to,use,my,space,individually.”!!Jared!(17,!TN)!also!recognizes!that!privacy!is!usually!understood!in!terms!of!space,!but!he!believes!that!it!is!impossible!to!actually!achieve!physical!privacy!because!everyone!is!always!invading!his!space;!he!lives!in!a!one^room!apartment!with!his!brother,!his!father,!and!his!father’s!down^on^his^luck!friend.!!Given!few!opportunities!to!experience!physical!privacy,!he!focuses!instead!on!what!he!has!control!over:!his!thoughts.!!”The,only,privacy,we’ve,got,left,in,our,lives,is,what,we,don’t,say,and,what,we,don’t,do,,and,that’s,really,what,tells,the,most,about,people,,is,not,just,the,thoughts,but,what,do,they,not,want,people,to,know.”!!In!this!way,!Jared!settles!for!privacy!in!his!head!because!of!his!inability!to!control!his!physical!environment.!!!!When!adults!think!about!privacy!or!private!places,!they!often!imagine!the!home!as!a!private!space.!!Yet,!many!of!the!teens!that!we!interviewed!rejected!this,!highlighting!the!ways!in!which!home!is!not!private!for!them.!!For!example,!when!danah!asked!14^year^old!Leigh!from!Iowa!if!home!was!private,!she!said!”Not,to,me,,but,to,our,family….,My,mom,comes,and,looks,in,my,room,and,stuff.”,,Heather,!a!16^year^old!from!Iowa,!went!further.!!”Because,there,are,a,lot,of,things,that,my,mom,does,that,make,me,feel,like,it’s,not,private.,I,can,be,taking,a,shower,and,she’ll,come,in,,go,to,the,bathroom,,and,leave.,She,has,no,respect,for,my,personal,privacy.,I,can,be,sitting,on,the,computer,talking,to,a,friend,and,she’ll,be,reading,over,my,shoulder,and,I,don’t,want,her,to.,That’s,not,really,private,to,me.,Private,is,kind,of,like,a,place,where,I,can,kind,of,go,and,just,be,by,myself,and,not,have,to,worry,about,anyone,doing,anything.”!!When!danah!asked!Heather!for!an!example!of!a!private!place,!she!listed!Panera!Bread,!a!restaurant!where!she!works!part^time.!!”My,coworkers,,they’ll,come,and,talk,to,me,but,I,still,have,my,alone,time.,I’m,sitting,there,by,myself.,If,I’m,listening,to,my,music,and,doing,my,homework,it’s,just,kind,of,alone,time.,I’m,relaxed.”!!The!absence!of!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7!Anthropologists!have!found!wild!variations!in!how!different!communities!understand!and!prioritize!privacy.!!John!L.!Locke’s!Eavesdropping:,An,Intimate,History!(2010)!weaves!together!many!of!these!different!accounts.!8!Teens!are!not!alone!in!having!diverse!views!about!what!constitutes!privacy.!!Diverse!adult!perspectives!are!well!documented!in!Christena!Nippert^Eng’s!Islands,of,Privacy!(2010).!9!Allen!1999;!Nissenbaum!2010,!94;!Strandburg!2011! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,4!parents!is!regularly!a!key!factor!for!teens!to!feel!as!though!they!have!privacy.!For!example,!17^year^old!Sam!from!Iowa!told!danah!that!his!private!places!are!”In,my,car,or,at,a,friend’s,house,or,something.,I’m,definitely,not,worried,about,it,because,they,are,not,my,parents,,so,,I’m,a,little,more,open.”!!When!teens!explain!where!they!can!seek!privacy,!they!focus!more!on!who!is!present!than!the!particular!configurations!of!the!space.,,!Access!is!a!key!part!of!many!definitions!of!privacy;!for!example,!Ruth!Gavison!writes!that!”privacy!is!a!limitation!of!others’!access!to!an!individual”!and!that!”a!loss!of!privacy!occurs!as!others!obtain!information!about!an!individual,!pay!attention!to!him,!or!gain!access!to!him.”10!Boundaries!to!access!also!play!an!important!role!in!how!some!teens!understand!privacy.!!For!example,!Jeromy!(14,!DC)!says!that!privacy!is!”when,you’re,trying,to,keep,something,from,the,world,or,yourself,or,people,that,you,don’t,like.”!!In!listing!off!different!examples!of!who!shouldn’t!have!access!to!certain!information,!Jeromy!leaves!room!to!share.!!Likewise,!Meixing!(17,!NC)!suggests!that!privacy!involves!”certain,thoughts,or,ideas,that,you,keep,only,to,yourself,,or,maybe,someone,else,that,is,close,to,you,,but,it’s,relatively,confidential.”,,Both!of!their!approaches!to!privacy!highlight!how!privacy!isn’t!simply!binary!–!access!or!no!access!–!but,!rather,!control!over!how!information!flows!or,!in!other!words,!control!over!the!social!situation.!!Maintaining!control!isn’t!necessarily!about!structural!constraints.!!For!example,!Miguel!(17,!NC)!argues!that!privacy!is!”for,someone,to,respect,what,you,do.”,,Taylor!(15,!MA)!takes!this!one!step!further!by!saying!that!privacy!is!”the,right,you,have,to,keeping,personal,things,private.”!!By!using!the!language!of!rights,!Taylor!makes!it!clear!that!privacy!extends!beyond!the!individual.!!What!she’s!arguing!for!is!the!importance!of!social!norms!as!a!regulatory!force.!!!!In!his!seminal!book!Code,and,Other,Laws,of,Cyberspace,!Larry!Lessig!argued!that!four!constraints!serve!regulatory!purposes!in!society:!the!law,!social!norms,!the!market,!and!architecture!(or!”code”!in!the!case!of!digital!environments).11!!Each!of!these!four!modes!of!regulation!play!a!role!in!privacy,!but!when!it!comes!to!privacy!in!networked!publics,!social!norms!are!often!downplayed.!!Some!scholars!focus!on!the!role!that!the!law!should!play!in!regulating!privacy!in!these!new!environments.12!!Others!lament!the!market’s!incentives!for!eroding!privacy.13!!Still!others!highlight!how!technology’s!code!can!be!used!both!to!destroy!privacy!and!to!protect!privacy.14!!When!social!norms!are!invoked,!it’s!usually!to!justify!approaches!made!by!other!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!10!Gavison!1980,!p.!421.!11!Lessig,!Lawrence.!(2006).!Code:!Version!2.0.!New!York:!Basic!Books.!Page!123.!12!Regan,!P.!(1995).!Legislating,Privacy.,Chapel!Hill:!University!of!North!Carolina!Press!!13!Cohen,!J.!E.!(2003).!DRM!and!privacy.!Communications,of,the,ACM,!46,!46–49;!Solove,!D.!J.!(2004).!The,digital,person:,Technology,and,privacy,in,the,information,age.!New!York:!New!York!University!Press.!14!Zimmer,!Michael.!(2007).!The,Quest,for,the,Perfect,Search,Engine:,Values,,Technical,Design,,and,the,Flow,of,Personal,Information,in,Spheres,of,Mobility!(PhD!Dissertation,!Department!of!Media,!Culture,!and!Communication).!New!York!University,!New!York.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,5!regulatory!forces.!!For!example,!when!technology!executives!like!Facebook’s!Mark!Zuckerberg!or!Google’s!Eric!Schmidt!suggest!that!privacy!is!disappearing!as!a!social!norm,!they!are!using!this!to!justify!the!increased!publicity!of!people’s!data!on!their!services.15!!Such!incidents!provoke!people!to!respond!by!claiming!that!that!the!social!norms!aren’t!changing,!and!that!privacy!still!matters.!Of!course,!social!norms!are!inherently!unstable!and!constantly!evolving;!they!vary!widely!and!are!difficult!to!pin!down.!Social!norms!are!revealed!when!people!talk!about!issues,!and!when!their!complex!practices!and!attitudes!are!made!visible.!!When!it!comes!to!privacy,!social!norms!are!evolving,!but!not!disappearing,!even!as!public!figures!attempt!to!downplay!or!diminish!their!power!as!a!regulatory!force.!!Teenagers!are!especially!wedded!to!social!norms!as!the!only!regulatory!force!they!feel!empowered!to!shape.!!This!begs!a!critical!question:!in!light!of!the!powerful!positions!of!the!market,!the!law,!and!the!architecture,!how!can!social!norms!serve!as!a!powerful!regulatory!force!when!it!comes!to!privacy?!!!When!trying!to!locate!privacy,!young!people!circle!around!the!tropes!that!adults!use!to!discuss!privacy.!!They!speak!of!secrets!and!trust,!and!highlight!particular!spaces!as!more!or!less!private.!!Throughout!these!conversations,!teens!consistently!come!back!to!the!importance!of!control!and!personal!agency.!!They!believe!that!privacy!has!to!do!with!their!ability!to!control!a!social!situation,!how!information!flows,!and!when!and!where!they!can!be!observed!by!others.!!Unfortunately,!teens!often!struggle!to!assert!control!over!situations,!particularly!when!technology!usurps!their!control!or!when!their!agency!is!undermined.!!More!often!than!not,!teens!acknowledge!this!lack!of!control!when!people!who!hold!power!over!them!–!e.g.!their!parents!–!insist!on!violating!boundaries!that!teens!create!or!social!norms!that!they!declare.!!Therein!lies!the!key!hypocrisy!surrounding!teens!and!privacy.!!Alongside!adults’!complaints!that!teens!don’t!care!about!privacy!when!it!comes!to!online!activities!is!an!ongoing!belief!that!teens!do!not!have!the!right!to!privacy!when!it!comes!to!their!physical!spaces!–!or,!in!many!cases,!their!online!activities.16!Parents!often!use!the!accessibility!of!teens’!online!vocalizations!as!justification!for!violating!teens’!privacy.!!!In!2006,!17^year^old!Bly!Lauritano^Werner!from!Maine!created!a!Youth!Radio!episode!to!highlight!this!hypocrisy.!!In!it,!she!argued!”My,mom,always,uses,the,excuse,about,the,internet,being,‘public’,when,she,defends,herself.,It’s,not,like,I,do,anything,to,be,ashamed,of,,but,a,girl,needs,her,privacy.,I,do,online,journals,so,I,can,communicate,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!15!See!Esguerra,!R.!(2009).!Google!CEO!Eric!Schmidt!Dismisses!the!Importance!of!Privacy.!Electronic,Frontier,Foundation.!Retrieved!from!https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/12/google^ceo^eric^schmidt^dismisses^privacy!and!Johnson,!B.!(2010,!January!11).!Privacy!no!longer!a!social!norm,!says!Facebook!founder.!The,Guardian.!London.!Retrieved!from!http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook^privacy.!16!Marwick,!A.,!Murgia^Diaz,!D.,!&!Palfrey,!J.!(2010).!Youth,,privacy,and,reputation,(literature,review)!(Berkman!Center!Research!Publication!No.!2010^5).!Boston:!Berkman!Center!for!Internet!and!Society!at!Harvard!University.!Retrieved!from!http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1588163! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,6!with,my,friends.,Not,so,my,mother,could,catch,up,on,the,latest,gossip,of,my,life.”17!!In!doing!so,!Bly!is!arguing!an!age^old!refrain;!she!wants!the!right!to!be!let!alone18!even!–!and!perhaps!especially!–!when!she’s!socializing!with!friends.!!Teens!like!Bly!lack!the!agency!to!be!able!to!assert!social!norms!and!adults!regularly!violate!teens’!understandings!of!social!decorum.!!!Consider!what!happened!in!Old!Saybrook,!Connecticut!when!local!law!enforcement!and!teachers!put!together!an!assembly!for!students!on!privacy.19!!To!make!a!point!about!privacy,!the!educators!put!together!a!slide!show!of!images!grabbed!from!students’!Facebook!profiles!and!displayed!these!images!to!the!student!body.!!Students!were!furious.!!One!student!told!a!reporter!that!this!stunt!is!”a!violation!of!privacy.”!!Most!adults!find!this!incredulous!given!that!the!content!was!broadly!accessible!–!and!that!the!students!in!the!school!had!already!most!likely!seen!many!of!these!images!because!they!certainly!had!access!to!them.!!Yet,!by!taking!the!images!out!of!context,!the!educators!had!violated!students’!social!norms!and,!thus,!their!sense!of!dignity,!fairness,!and!respect.!!As!one!student!explained!to!a!reporter,!”I!kind!of!thought,!it’s!like!if!you!put!it!online,!anyone!can!see!it,!but!then!at!the!same!time,!it’s!like!kind!of!not!fair!for!the!police!officers!to!put!that!on!display!without!their!permission!and!without!them!knowing.”!This!incident!does!not!reveal!that!teens!don’t!understand!privacy,!but!rather,!that!they!lack!the!agency!to!assert!social!norms!and!expect!that!others!will!respect!them.!!Those!who!have!power!over!them!–!their!parents!and!the!police!–!can!use!their!power!to!violate!teens’!norms,!using!accessibility!as!their!justification.!!In!this!way,!adults!further!marginalize!young!people,!reinforcing!the!notion!that!they!do!not!have!the!social!status!necessary!to!deserve!rights!associated!with!privacy.!!In!an!era!of!social!media!where!information!is!often!easily!accessible,!it’s!all!too!easy!to!conflate!accessibility!with!publicity.!!Yet,!just!because!teens!are!socializing!in!a!public!setting!doesn’t!mean!that!they!want!to!be!public!figures!nor!does!it!mean!that!they!want!to!be!the!object!of!just!anyone’s!gaze.!!What’s!at!stake!concerns!not!just!the!right!to!be!invisible,!but!who!has!the!right!to!look,!for!what!purposes,!and!to!what!ends.!!Finding!a!way!to!manage!boundaries!is!just!one!of!the!challenges!that!teens!face!in!navigating!networked!publics!because!privacy!isn’t!simply!about!control!over!the!social!situation;!it!also!requires!enough!agency!to!affect!these!situations.!!As!they!enter!into!networked!publics,!teens!are!grappling!with!the!tensions!that!surround!privacy!and!publicity.!!They!are!trying!to!find!ways!to!have!agency!and!assert!control!in!settings!where!both!the!architecture!and!their!social!position!make!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!17!Youth!Radio!broadcast!”Reading!My!LiveJournal”!by!Bly!Lauritano^Werner:!http://www.youthradio.org/oldsite/society/npr060628_onlinejournal.shtml!!!18!Warren,!S.D.!&!Brandeis,!L.D.,!(1890).!Right!to!Privacy.!Harvard,Law,Review,!4,!193.!19!Misur,!S.!(2011,!April!11).!Old!Saybrook!High!School!makes!privacy!point;!Some!perturbed!when!real!students!shown!in!social^media!slide!show.!Shoreline,Times.!New!Haven,!CT.!Retrieved!from!http://www.shorelinetimes.com/articles/2011/04/11/news/doc4da2f3cb5caae518276953.txt! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,7!it!very!difficult!for!them!to!control!the!flow!of!information.!!Yet,!in!exploring!strategies!for!maintaining!social!privacy!in!networked!publics,!they!reveal!how!social!norms!are!enacted.!!Privacy!is!both!a!social!norm!and!a!process;!it!is!not!something!that!is!had!so!much!as!something!that!is!negotiated.!!And!the!practices!which!teens!engage!in!while!attempting!to!negotiate!privacy!show!that!this!social!construct!is!not!disappearing!simply!because!technology!introduces!new!hurdles.!!!Life’in'(Networked)’Publics!!Since!they!first!became!popular!in!2003,!teens!have!flocked!to!social!network!sites!to!socialize!with!their!friends.20!!Social!network!sites!have!become!the!modern^day!equivalent!of!the!mall!or!movie!theater,!a!place!where!teens!can!hang!out!with!friends!and!run!into!other!friends!and!peers.!!One!way!of!understanding!social!network!sites!–!and!other!popular!genres!of!social!media!–!is!through!the!lens!of!”networked!publics.”!!!!Networked!publics!are!publics!that!are!restructured!by!networked!technologies.!The!notion!of!”a!public”!refers!to!both!a!highly!accessible!space!where!wide!audiences!can!gather,!and!a!collection!of!people!who!share!what!Sonia!Livingstone!describes!as!”a!common!understanding!of!the!world,!a!shared!identity,!a!claim!to!inclusiveness,!a!consensus!regarding!the!collective!interest.”21!Benedict!Anderson!argues!that!publics!comprised!of!people!who!don’t!occupy!a!space,!but!rather!a!shared!identity,!can!be!understood!as!an!”imagined!community.”22!As!such,!a!public!is!not!a!definable!set!of!people!or!a!bounded!space,!but!a!flexible!category!where!people!conceptualize!boundaries!but!do!not!control!them.!!Given!this!understanding,!networked!publics!are!simultaneously!(1)!the!space!constructed!through!networked!technologies!and!(2)!the!imagined!community!that!emerges!as!a!result!of!the!intersection!of!people,!technology,!and!practice.!!Facebook,!for!example,!serves!both!as!a!networked!public!itself!and!as!a!site!upon!which!networked!publics!gather.!!Publics!serve!multiple!purposes.!!They!can!play!a!civic!function,!serving!to!gather!people!in!a!democracy.23!!But!they!can!also!play!a!social!role,!enabling!people!to!make!sense!of!the!world!around!them!and!understand!their!relationship!to!society.!!Hannah!Arendt!argues!that!”the!presence!of!others!who!see!what!we!see!and!hear!what!we!hear!assures!us!of!the!reality!of!the!world!and!ourselves.”24!!The!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20!boyd,!danah.!2007.!Why!youth!(heart)!social!network!sites:!The!role!of!networked!publics.!In!Youth,,identity,and,digital,media,!ed.!D.!Buckingham,!119–142.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press.!21!Livingstone,!Sonia.!2005.!Audiences,and,Publics:,When,Cultural,Engagement,Matters,for,the,Public,Sphere.,Portland,!OR:!Intellect,!9.!22!Anderson,!Benedict.!2006.!Imagined,Communities:,Reflections,on,the,Origin,and,Spread,of,Nationalism.!New!ed.!New!York:!Verso.!23!Habermas,!Jèurgen.!1991.!The,Structural,Transformation,of,the,Public,Sphere:,An,Inquiry,into,a,Category,of,Bourgeois,Society.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press.!24!Arendt,!Hannah.!1998.!The,Human,Condition.!Chicago,!IL:!University!of!Chicago!Press,!p.!50! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,8!importance!of!publics!for!identity!work!and!social!conceptualization!is!precisely!why!teenagers!seek!out!publics.!!Yet,!given!their!marginalized!position,!they’re!often!ostracized!from!the!very!publics!that!they!wish!to!enter.!!Many!physical!sites!of!gathering!explicitly!or!implicitly!restrict!teenagers;!teens!cannot!enter!bars!because!they!are!underage,!they!lack!the!economic!resources!to!gather!in!eating!establishments,!and!when!teens!gather!in!parking!lots!or!on!street!corners,!they’re!often!accused!of!loitering.!!Given!this,!teens!often!seek!to!create!their!own!publics;!networked!publics!are,!in!many!ways,!teen!publics.!!!!Nancy!Fraser!noted!that!repressed!groups!often!create!”subaltern!counterpublics”!which,!from!a!civic!engagement!perspective,!can!be!understood!as!”parallel!discursive!arenas!where!members!of!subordinated!social!groups!invent!and!circulate!counterdiscourses!to!formulate!oppositional!interpretations!of!their!identities,!interests,!and!needs”25!!In!considering!the!practices!of!queer!individuals,!Michael!Warner!found!that!counterpublics!do!not!simply!serve!a!civic!role;!queer!individuals!created!their!own!publics!for!multiple!purposes,!including!political!resistance!as!well!as!engaging!in!identity!work!and!negotiating!social!relations.26!!The!networked!(counter)publics!that!teens!create!tend!to!emphasize!sociable!purposes,!but!they!still!serve!a!resistant!purpose,!challenging!adult!authority!and!norm^setting.!Participation!in!networked!publics!has!become!a!core!part!of!teen!culture!because!teens!value!opportunities!to!gather!with!peers!broadly,!especially!in!situations!where!their!interactions!are!not!heavily!configured!by!adults.!They!struggle!for!agency!in!networked!publics,!precisely!because!adults!are!ever^present!in!their!lives.!!As!physical!spaces!for!peer!sociability!have!disappeared!or!been!restricted,!and!as!teens!have!found!their!access!structurally!or!socially!curtailed,!the!value!of!mediated!spaces!where!teens!can!gather!has!increased.!!In!choosing!where!to!go,!the!presence!of!peers!and!friends!is!the!most!important!factor.!If!friends!and!peers!gather!in!person,!teens!feel!the!need!to!be!physically!there!to!feel!included.!If!the!gathering!takes!place!online,!being!online!becomes!socially!critical.!!This!sentiment!is!articulated!by!teens!in!terms!of!social!expectations:!!!!Skyler,,18,,CO:,If,you’re,not,on,MySpace,,you,don’t,exist.,,Tara,,16,,MI:,Like,everyone,says,get,a,Facebook.,You,need,to,get,one.,,Abigail,,17,,NC:,You’re,expected,to,be,on,Facebook.,,danah:,How,would,people,respond,if,you,weren’t?,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!25!Fraser,!Nancy.!1992.!”Rethinking!the!Public!Sphere:!A!Contribution!to!the!Critique!of!Actually!Existing!Democracy.”!Pp.!109–142!in!Habermas,and,the,Public,Sphere,!edited!by!Craig!Calhoun.!Cambridge,!MA:!The!MIT!Press.!(page!123)!26!Warner,!Michael.!2002.!Publics,and,Counterpublics.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press.! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,9!Abigail:,People,would,ask,you,why.,You’d,have,to,have,a,good,reason.,If,you,didn’t,have,a,good,reason,people,would,be,like,you’d,have,to,be,like,”the,internet,at,my,house,isn’t,working.”,But,if,you,didn’t,have,a,good,reason,like,”I’m,just,not,on,it.”,People,would,be,like,”Why,not?,Get,on,it.,Make,an,account.”,You,don’t,have,to,pay,for,it,so,I,feel,like,people,feel,there’s,any,reason,not,to,be.,It’s,pretty,much,expected,you’re,on,Facebook.,,!While!teens!use!Facebook!and!MySpace!as!communication!channels,!they!also!use!them!as!networked!publics,!relishing!the!opportunity!to!connect!to!a!broader!community!of!people.!!At!the!same!time,!they’re!not!interested!in!connecting!to!just!anyone.!!Through!the!public!articulation!of!”Friends”!on!social!network!sites,!teens!construct!the!boundaries!of!their!imagined!community.!!As!with!all!publics,!there’s!porousness!to!this!formalization.!!While!some!teens!have!a!rigid!sense!of!boundaries,!others!relish!the!possibility!of!connecting!beyond!their!nearest!and!dearest;!this!is!what!motivates!them!to!engage!in!a!networked!public!rather!than!just!communicating!via!text!message!with!their!close!friends.!!!Emily,!a!16^year^old!from!Pennsylvania,!explains!the!cultural!logic!of!this!when!she!points!out!that!the!social!possibilities!of!going!to!the!mall!or!movies!are!far!greater!than!going!to!a!friend’s!house:!!”If,you,go,[out],with,your,friends,,there,might,be,other,people,you,run,into,that,are,your,friends,too.,I,would,say,it’s,more,of,an,opportunity,to,see,more,of,your,friends,than,just,going,over,to,a,friend’s,house.,Going,over,to,a,friend’s,house,,there,might,be,one,friend,or,maybe,three.,Whereas,going,to,the,mall,,it,can,be,seven,or,twelve.”!!The!same!logic!holds!for!networked!publics.!!Teens!use!social!media!to!get!to!know!people!who!are!more!acquaintances!than!friends!or!to!meet!friends^of^friends.!!A!small!minority!of!teens!seek!out!broader!audiences,!welcoming!strangers!who!seem!to!share!their!worldview.!!Yet,!even!teens!who!welcome!broad!audiences!do!not!assume!that!they!are!publicizing!information!to!all!people!across!all!space!and!all!time!when!they!engage!in!networked!publics.!!!!How’Architecture’Inflects’Practices!!While!networked!publics!can!serve!the!same!social!roles!as!other!publics,!the!affordances!of!networked!technologies!present!new!challenges!that!inflect!the!social!dynamics!that!play!out!in!networked!publics.!!In!particular,!four!affordances!play!a!significant!role!in!reconfiguring!public!sociality:!!!•!Persistence:!Digital!expressions!are!automatically!recorded!and!archived.!!•!Replicability:!Digital!content!is!easily!duplicated.!!•!Scalability:!The!potential!visibility!of!digital!content!is!great.!!•!Searchability:!Digital!content!is!often!accessible!through!search!engines.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,10!Because!of!these!technical!affordances,!participation!in!networked!publics!requires!regularly!contending!with!dynamics!that!aren’t!commonplace!in!everyday!life.!!For!example,!although!journalists!are!accustomed!to!writing!for!invisible!audiences,!this!is!not!typically!how!people!relate!to!others!when!they’re!socializing.!!Yet,!in!networked!publics,!people!must!grapple!with!what!it!means!to!participate!in!a!social!situation!where!they!have!no!way!of!fully!understanding!who!is!–!and!who!is!not!–!observing!their!performances.!!Just!as!journalists!imagine!their!audience!when!they!craft!a!story,!so!too!must!teens!imagine!their!audience!whenever!they!post!something!on!Facebook.!!!!Another!dynamic!that!teens!must!navigate!is!the!commonplace!collapsing!of!social!contexts.!!While!countless!movies!have!been!made!about!situations!where!contexts!collide!in!everyday!life!–!e.g.!running!into!your!ex!when!out!on!a!date!–!these!are!considered!exceptional!moments.!Yet,!in!networked!publics,!it!is!exceptionally!difficult!to!separate!contexts.!!The!flattening!of!diverse!social!relationships!into!a!monolithic!group!of!”Friends”!makes!it!difficult!for!users!to!negotiate!the!normal!variances!of!self^presentation!that!occur!in!day^to^day!life.!Social!media!participants!regularly!lament!moments!where!worlds!collide.27!!!A!third!dynamic!brought!on!by!the!technological!affordances!common!to!networked!publics!has!to!do!with!the!blurring!of!what!is!public!and!what!is!private.!!As!social!constructs,!privacy!and!publicity!are!affected!by!what!is!structurally!feasible!and!socially!appropriate.!In!recent!history,!privacy!was!often!taken!for!granted!because!structural!conditions!made!it!easier!to!not!share!than!to!share.!!Social!media!has!changed!the!equation.!!!!!!!In!unmediated!interactions,!we!assume!a!certain!amount!of!privacy!simply!because!it!takes!effort!to!publicize!interactions.!!When!we!share!updates!about!our!lives!over!coffee,!we!don’t!expect!our!interlocutors!to!share!them!widely,!because!1)!we!don’t!believe!that!said!information!is!interesting!enough!to!be!spread!widely;!2)!it’s!difficult!to!disseminate!social!information!to!a!large!audience!in!face^to^face!contexts;!and!3)!recording!a!conversation!or!sharing!every!detail!of!an!interaction!would!violate!both!social!norms!and!the!trust!assumed!in!a!relationship.!!If!we!do!believe!that!our!interlocutor!might!be!interested!in!sharing!what!we!said,!we!explicitly!state!that!the!interaction!is!private!and!expect!the!social!norms!around!the!conversation!to!triumph.28!!And!if!our!interlocutor!wants!to!publicize!every!detail,!it!is!assumed!that!this!intention!will!be!announced!(e.g.,!a!journalist!interviewing!an!expert).!!Furthermore,!people!who!are!likely!to!share!as!much!as!they!can!remember!are!often!labeled!as!”gossips”!–!often!because!they!initially!violated!the!social!norms!around!sharing!and!are!no!longer!trusted.!!Everyday!social!dynamics!are!predicated!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!27!Marwick,!Alice,!and!danah!boyd.!2011.!”I!tweet!honestly,!I!tweet!passionately:!Twitter!users,!context!collapse,!and!the!imagined!audience.”!New,Media,&,Society!13!(1):!114^133.!28!This!does!not!mean!that!such!violations!never!occur.!!Linda!Tripp’s!recordings!of!Monica!Lewinsky!confiding!in!her!are!an!example!of!how!violations!do!occur.! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,11!on!the!notion!that!most!interactions!are!private^by^default,!public^through^effort.!!The!default!is!private,!not!because!it!needs!to!be!but!because!effort!is!required!to!actually!make!things!visible.!!!With!social!media,!the!opposite!is!assumed.!!The!very!act!of!participation!in!networked!publics!makes!content!widely!available!to!many!interested!parties,!effectively!the!relevant!”public.”!!Rather!than!choosing!what!to!include!or!what!to!publicize,!most!teens!think!about!what!to!exclude.!!They!accept!the!public!nature!of!information,!which!might!not!have!been!historically!shared!(perhaps!because!it!was!too!mundane),!but!they!carefully!analyze!what!shouldn’t!be!shared.!!Disclosure!is!the!default!because!participation!–!and,!indeed,!presence!–!is!predicated!on!it.!!!!Technology!may!not!be!radically!altering!teens’!desires,!but!it!does!complicate!how!they!navigate!privacy.!!Consider!how!17^year^old!Alicia!from!North!Carolina!understands!privacy!with!respect!to!Facebook:!!”I,just,think,that,[technology,is],just,redefining,what’s,acceptable,for,people,to,put,out,about,themselves.,,I’ve,grown,up,with,technology,so,I,don’t,know,how,it,was,before,this,boom,of,social,networking.,,But,it,just,seems,like,instead,of,spending,all,of,our,time,talking,to,other,individual,people,and,sharing,things,that,would,seem,private,,we,just,spend,all,of,our,time,putting,it,in,one,module,of,communication,where,people,can,go,and,access,it,if,they,want,to.,So,it’s,just,more,convenient.,I,think,that,the,adults,think,that,about,privacy,because,when,they,see,pictures,being,put,up,or,things,they,never,had,that,ability.,So,when,they,see,[our,photo,albums],or,when,they,see,conversations,on,Facebook,wall,to,wall,,they,think,that,it’s,this,huge,breach,of,privacy,and,your,personal,ideas,or,whatever…,,Like,I,said,earlier,,there,are,things,you,shouldn’t,put,up,or,you,shouldn’t,say.,,But,I,think,privacy,is,more,just,you,choosing,what,you,want,to,keep,to,yourself.,,…,And,so,I,don’t,think,that,Facebook,is,violating,privacy.,,I,think,it’s,letting,people,choose,how,they,want,to,define,privacy.”,!Alicia!recognizes!that!how!she!approaches!sharing!is!different!from!those!who!grew!up!in!an!earlier!era;!she!also!recognizes!that!this!is!rooted!in!technological!affordances.!!How!she!approaches!navigating!privacy!in!Facebook!also!demonstrates!that!the!nature!of!privacy!and!publicity!in!public!life!is!shifting.!!Rather!than!seeing!privacy!as!the!default,!Alicia!sees!privacy!as!a!conscious!choice.!!In!her!interactions!online,!she!assumes!that!Facebook!is!public^by^default,!private^through^effort.!!She!highlights!how!this!model!of!privacy!is!located!in!another!change,!facilitated!by!the!affordances!of!Facebook,!as!her!peers!move!from!sharing!directly!to!sharing!abstractly.!!In!other!words,!what!Facebook!enables!is!the!ability!for!users!to!share!information!for!others!to!consume!when!and!as!appropriate!–!understood!in!technology!circles!as!”pull”!–!as!opposed!to!having!to!directly!target!specific!people,!or!”push.”!!A!public^by^default!environment!doesn’t!just!reconfigure!how!privacy!is!managed,!but!the!very!nature!and!dynamic!of!sharing.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,12!The!affordances!of!networked!publics!shape!social!dynamics,!but!they!do!not!determine!them.!!How!teens!negotiate!privacy!in!networked!publics!varies!tremendously,!shaped!not!only!by!the!underlying!architecture!of!the!software,!but!also!young!people’s!personal!values!and!social!norms!that!surround!them.!!!Variations’in’Privacy’Norms’and’Practices!!Even!though!all!the!teens!we!interviewed!expressed!an!appreciation!for!privacy!at!some!level,!they!did!not!share!a!uniform!set!of!values!about!privacy!and!publicity.!!Just!as!some!teenagers!are!extroverted!and!some!introverted,!some!teens!are!more!exhibitionist!and!some!are!more!secretive.!!Variations!among!individuals!are!shaped!by!local!social!norms;!sharing!is!viewed!differently!in!different!friend!groups,!schools,!and!communities.!!There’s!also!a!gendered!component!to!it,!with!teens!having!different!ideas!of!what!is!appropriate!to!share!that!map!to!stereotypical!understandings!of!male!and!female!emotional!behavior.!!When!17^year^old!Manu!emphasizes!that!he’s!”not!that!kind!of!person,”!he’s!also!enacting!fairly!widespread!norms!of!masculinity:!!!danah:,When,you,broke,up,with,your,girlfriend,,did,you,write,anything,about,it,on,Facebook?,Manu,,17,,NC:,No.,I’m,like%%,I’m,not,that,kind,of,person%%,I,find,it,really,weird,to,have,my,emotions,or,anything,on,Facebook,or,Twitter,,and,it’s,just%%,I,don’t,do,stuff%%,I,know,other,people,do,,but,I,feel,like,I’ll,get,judged,or,just%%,I’m,not,that,kind,of,person,to,let,stuff,out,like,that.,I,don’t,do,statuses,,actually,,either.,,!Privacy!must!be!contextualized.!!Teen!understandings!of!privacy!and!how!they!carry!these!out!varies!by!individual,!by!community,!by!situation,!by!role,!and!by!interaction.!!In!other!words,!privacy!–!and!the!norms!surrounding!privacy!–!cannot!be!divorced!from!context.29!!When!teens!share!information!about!themselves,!thereby!increasing!their!exposure,!they!do!so!because!they!gain!something!from!being!visible.!!There!is!always!a!trade^off,!as!teens!account!for!what!they!might!gain!and!what!they!might!lose!and!how!such!cost^benefit!analyses!fit!into!their!own!mental!models!of!risk!and!reward.!!Thus,!when!teens!are!negotiating!privacy,!they!aren’t!simply!thinking!about!a!”loss”;!they’re!considering!what!they!might!gain!from!revealing!themselves.!!!!!!!!Consider!the!words!of!Meixing,!a!bubbly!17^year^old!from!Tennessee!who!shares!extensively!on!Facebook:!!Meixing,,17,,TN:,Most,of,the,time,I’m,a,pretty,extroverted,person,so,I,share,a,lot,of,things,with,people,anyways…,danah:,That,means,you,don’t,care,about,privacy?,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!29!Nissenbaum!2010.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,13!Meixing:,I,mean,I,do,care,about,privacy,,but,if,I,found,someone,that,I,could,trust,then,my,first,instinct,would,be,to,share,stuff,with,that,person.,,For,example,,I,think,,like,my,last,boyfriend,and,I,we,were,really,close,and,then,we,had,each,other’s,passwords,to,Facebook,and,to,emails,and,stuff.,,And,so,if,I,would,get,something,that,I,didn’t,know,about,then,he,would,notify,me,and,look,over,my,stuff…,It,made,me,feel,safer,just,because,someone,was,there,to,help,me,out,and,stuff.,,It,made,me,feel,more,connected,and,less,lonely.,,Because,I,feel,like,Facebook,sometimes,is,kind,of,like,a,lonely,sport,,I,feel,,because,you’re,kind,of,sitting,there,and,you’re,looking,at,people,by,yourself.,,But,if,someone,else,knows,your,password,and,stuff,it,just,feels,better.,,!Meixing!is!highlighting!the!trade^offs!that!she!faces!when!she’s!thinking!about!privacy.!!On!one!hand,!she!cares!about!privacy,!but!she’s!willing!to!expose!herself!in!intimate!situations!because!it!makes!her!feel!more!connected.!!Her!barriers!to!sharing!are!rooted!in!her!sense!of!trust.!!She’s!not!willing!to!expose!herself!to!just!anyone;!she!shares!both!because!and!as!a!signal!that!she!trusts!someone.!!Trust!is!a!very!significant!issue!for!teenagers!and!it!regularly!emerges!in!discussions!about!privacy.!!Many!teens!aren’t!confident!that!they!can!trust!those!around!them,!even!their!closest!friends.!!All!too!often,!teens!use!the!information!that!they!gather!about!others!to!”start!drama,”!performing!gossip!and!social!conflict!for!a!wide!audience!on!social!media.30!!This!makes!some!teens!very!nervous!about!sharing,!even!with!their!closest!friends.!!Taylor,!a!15^year^old!in!Massachusetts,!questions!the!motivations!behind!her!friends’!decisions!to!invade!her!privacy.!!!!Taylor,,15,,MA:,So,I,usually,give,people,the,light,version,because,I,don’t,want,them,in,my,business,and,I,really,don’t,think,that,they,have,any,right,to,be,in,my,business.,danah:,,Why,do,they,think,they,have,a,right?,Taylor:,,Because,they’re,my,friends,,so,they,put,themselves,in,my,business,sometimes,,so,they,think,that,they,should,be,there,to,help,me,and,protect,me,with,things,but,I,can,deal,with,it,myself.,!Taylor!doesn’t!want!her!friends!”in!her!business”!because!she’s!worried!that!she’ll!lose!control,!so!she!purposely!avoids!sharing!anything!that!is!personal!or!intimate.!!But!this!doesn’t!stop!her!from!sharing!altogether.!!A!photographer,!she!regularly!uploads!her!work!to!Facebook!precisely!because!she!wants!feedback!and!public!validation.!!!!Taylor,,15,,MA:,[A,comment],gives,me,input,and,it,makes,me,feel,good.,,…,Even,if,it’s,negative,I’d,probably,like,it,as,a,comment.,It’s,just,like,a,message,is,more,personal,,which,I,appreciate,,but,when,people,can,see,that,they,like,my,work,,I,like,it,when,people,can,see,that,other,people,like,it,because,I,don’t,know,,I,just,like,getting,lots,of,comments,on,one,picture,and,seeing,people,read,them.,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!30!Marwick,!Alice!and!boyd,!danah.!(2011).!”The!Drama!!Teens,!Gossip!and!Celebrity.”!Popular,Culture,Association/American,Culture,Association,Annual,Meeting,!San!Antonio,!TX,!April!20^24.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,14!!In!choosing!to!share!her!photographs!but!not!her!personal!thoughts,!Taylor!is!trying!to!assert!control,!thereby!enacting!privacy!by!selecting!what!should!and!should!not!be!shared.!!She!is!not!alone!in!this!approach.!!Many!teens!who!seemingly!share!a!lot!online!are!actually!consciously!limiting!what!is!available.!Consider!Abigail’s!perspective:!!!Abigail,,17,,NC:,I,actually,know,everybody,I’m,friends,with,[on,Facebook]…,But,I’m,not,good,friends,with,everybody,on,Facebook.,The,people,that,I,go,to,school,with,I,know,I,know,what,they’re,doing.,That’s,why,I’m,friends,with,them,on,Facebook,but,they,don’t,need,to,know,what,I’m,exactly,doing,today.,I’m,eating,breakfast,,then,I’m,going,to,swim,practice,,then,I’m,doing,my,history,homework,,then,I’m,going,to,do,this.,They,don’t,need,to,know,all,that.,I,can,just,put,an,overview,like,”Practice,,homework,,then,Allie’s,”,or,something.,I,don’t,need,to,say,exactly,everything,I’m,doing,at,times,and,stuff.,,!The!affordances!of!networked!publics!that!make!widespread!sharing!possible!also!motivate!teens!to!use!more!private!channels!of!communication!–!like!text!messaging!or!Facebook!chat!–!to!discuss!things!that!are!embarrassing!or!upsetting,!intimate!or!self^exposing.!!!!Although!most!teens!are!quite!conscious!about!what!they!choose!to!share,!they!don’t!always!have!complete!control!over!what!others!share!about!them.!!Facebook,!Flickr!and!other!social!media!sites!let!users!tag!pictures!of!other!users,!while!Twitter!creates!affiliations!between!users!through!@replies.!In!North!Carolina,!17^year^old!Jacquelyn!finds!it!”weird”!and!embarrassing!that!her!mother!regularly!posts!pictures!of!her!on!Facebook.!!While!she’s!uncomfortable!with!her!mother!sharing!photos!of!her,!she!also!understands!the!impulse.!!”I,guess,as,a,parent,,it’s,different,than,being,a,teenager,because,we’re,her,kids,so,she,wants,to,show,all,her,college,friends,and,high,school,friends,what,we’re,up,to,because,obviously,,we’re,not,going,to,friend,her,high,school,friends,because,we,don’t,know,them.,It,makes,sense,,I,guess.,I,don’t,know.”!!!!In!trying!to!navigate!privacy,!teens!must!not!only!contend!with!what!they!choose!to!share,!but!what!others!choose!to!share!about!them.!!While!networked!privacy!is!not!unique!to!networked!publics,!the!affordances!of!networked!publics!magnify!this!issue,!reifying!the!public^by^default!nature!of!such!environments.!!Those!who!are!more!inclined!to!share!often!expect!those!who!don’t!want!information!shared!to!speak!up.!!Abigail,!for!example,!posts!all!photos!from!her!camera!to!Facebook!because!it’s!easier!for!her!than!filtering.!She!goes!through!her!photo!albums!and!tags!the!photos!with!her!friends’!names,!deleting!any!photos!that!are!blurry.!!Most!of!the!pictures!she!puts!up!have!multiple!people!in!them,!so!she’s!not!inclined!to!delete!them,!but!understands!if!her!friends!untag!themselves.!!If!a!friend!is!”really!bothered”!by!a!photo!and!complain!to!her!directly,!she’ll!delete!it.!!The!assumption! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,15!in!Abigail’s!friend!group!is!that!content!is!public^by^default.!!Such!a!setting!forces!teens!to!make!a!conscious!choice!about!what!to!obscure,!rather!than!what!to!publicize.!!!!The!public^by^default!nature!of!networked!publics!is!especially!acute!on!Facebook!and!Twitter!because!of!the!role!that!social!streams!play!in!those!environments.!!Facebook’s!news!feed!broadcasts!both!implicit!actions!(e.g.,!a!broken!heart!when!two!people!stop!being!”in!a!relationship”)!and!shared!content!(e.g.,!newly!uploaded!photographs).!!The!news!feed!and!Twitter’s!stream!are!central!to!those!sites!and!the!first!thing!that!most!participants!see!when!they!login.!!While!Facebook’s!news!feed!was!controversial!when!it!first!launched,31!it’s!now!a!fundamental!part!of!Facebook’s!architecture.!!Teens!share!updates!to!be!seen!by!their!friends,!but!they!also!recognize!that!not!everything!shared!through!this!mechanism!is!actually!seen!by!their!friends.!!While!some!teens!expect!their!friends!to!read!every!update!and!picture!that!they!post,!others!see!the!public^by^default!dynamic!as!an!opportunity!to!reduce!expectations.!!Consider!why!Vicki,!a!15^year^old!from!Georgia,!posts!status!updates!in!lieu!of!sending!private!messages:!!Vicki,,15,,GA:,,Because,a,status,update,,everybody,can,read.,,Like,,everybody,who,wants,to,read,it,can,read,it,,but,they’re,not,obligated,to,read,it.,,Like,,when,you,send,a,message,,it’s,,”Oh,my,gosh,,this,person,sent,me,a,message.,,Now,I,have,to,read,this.”,,But,,when,it’s,an,update,,it’s,,like,,if,I,don’t,want,to,read,your,status,,I’m,not,going,to,read,yours.,,But,I’m,going,to,read,the,next,person’s,,like,,if,I,want,to,read,theirs.,,You,don’t,have,to,look,at,it,if,you,don’t,want,to.,!Content!that!is!publicly!accessible!is!not!necessarily!universally!consumed.!!Likewise,!information!that!is!publicly!accessible!is!not!necessarily!intended!to!be!consumed!by!just!anyone.!!While!teens!may!be!negotiating!privacy!in!a!public^by^default!environment,!social!norms!also!serve!a!critical!role!in!how!teens!do!boundary!work.!!Boundary’Work’!!Traditionally,!realms!of!”private”!and!”public”!have!been!built!upon!a!set!of!dichotomies!and!divisions,!whether!they!be!spatial!(workplace,!home),!temporal!(“on”!or!”off”!the!clock),!or!object^related!(work!BlackBerry!or!parent’s!car).!These!distinctions!must!be!reinforced!and!re^inscribed!through!a!series!of!processes,!which!Michèle!Lamont!and!Virág!Molnár!refer!to!as!”boundary!work.”32!Boundary!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31!boyd,!danah.!2008.!”Facebook’s!Privacy!Trainwreck:!Exposure,!invasion,!and!social!convergence.”!Convergence:,The,International,Journal,of,Research,into,New,Media,Technologies!14!(1):!13–20.!32!Lamont,!M.,!and!V.!Molnar.!2002.!”The!study!of!boundaries!in!the!social!sciences.”!Annual!Review!of!Sociology!167–196.!Christena!Nippert^Eng!extended!this!notion!of!boundary,work,to!individual’s!boundaries!around!privacy.!See!Nippert^Eng!2010!pp.!10^14.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,16!work!creates!symbolic!distinctions!between!objects,!people,!practices,!and!architectures—a!teen’s!car!is!”private”!yet!their!parent’s!is!”public.”!!!!Creating,!maintaining,!and!managing!boundaries!is!difficult!and!requires!various!interpretive!strategies,!traditions,!and!distinctions!to!achieve.!Teens!attempt!to!achieve!social!privacy!through!a!variety!of!strategies,!demonstrating!how!they!understand!architecture,!assert!norms,!and!attempt!to!bring!their!definition!of!privacy!into!existence.!!!Defining!and!inscribing!boundaries!is!one!way!to!regulate!a!set!of!spaces!that!do!not!fit!neatly!into!categories!of!”public”!or!”private.”!Whether!these!techniques!are!successful,!problematic,!or!both,!they!demonstrate!the!ways!that!teenagers!are!engaging!in!boundary!work!by!necessity.!!!The!most!common!way!in!which!teens!try!to!delineate!boundaries!is!through!the!assertion!of!social!norms.!!Teens!have!an!implicit!understanding!about!who!should!and!should!not!be!present!in!their!social!spaces.!!!When!MySpace!was!the!dominant!social!network!site,!teens!would!regularly!voice!frustration!with!adults!who!didn’t!seem!to!understand!that!MySpace!was!”my,space.”!!In!other!words,!teens!were!emphatic!that!parents!and!other!adults!were!supposed!to!know!that!they!weren’t!welcome.!!Many!young!people!felt!that!there!was!an!implicit!”keep!out”!sign!on!MySpace,!meant!to!signal!that!adults!weren’t!welcome.!!To!reinforce!this,!teens!focused!on!explicitly!articulating!who!they!imagined!as!part!of!their!networked!public!through!the!public!articulation!of!”Friends.”33!!Teens!displayed!their!closest!friends!through!the!”Top!8″!list,!which!appeared!on!every!MySpace!profile!and!indicated!affiliations!and!social!context.!In!this!way,!they!wrote!their!intended!audience!into!being!so!that!it!could!serve!as!a!signal!to!any!who!happened!across!their!profile.!!Yet,!even!parents!who!might!respect!such!a!sign!on!a!bedroom!door,!often!failed!to!recognize!or!respect!such!signals!online.!!In!other!words,!even!as!teens!were!trying!to!assert!social!norms,!their!efforts!were!ignored;!some!adults!fail!to!recognize!the!cues!that!youth!are!signaling!while!others!judge!teens’!practices!on!their!own!terms,!refusing!to!recognize!teens’!agency.!!As!social!network!sites!became!more!widespread!–!and!as!adults!started!using!Facebook!and!MySpace!for!reasons!other!than!surveilling!their!children!–!some!teens!started!accepting!the!presence!of!their!adults,!while!others!found!it!awkward.!!When!I!asked!Aarti!how!she!felt!about!her!mother!looking!at!her!Facebook!profile,!she!said:!!Aarti,,17,,NC:,I,guess,it’s,not,that,bad,,because,I,wouldn’t,really,do,anything,bad,,but,it’s,kind,of,annoying.,But,,you,know,,she’s,looking.,…,I,think,it’s,just,weird.,Because,my,mom%%,I,just,think,Facebook,is,for,my,friends,,and,not,my,mom.,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!33!boyd,!danah!(2006).!”Friends,!Friendsters,!and!MySpace!Top!8:!Writing!Community!Into!Being!on!Social!Network!Sites.”!First!Monday,!11!(12).!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,17!Aarti’s!message!highlights!how!privacy!and!boundary!work!come!together.!!Privacy!for!Aarti!is!about!controlling!the!social!situation,!not!about!hiding!things!from!her!mother.!!Daniel!Solove!calls!this!the!”nothing!to!hide”!model!of!privacy!and!vociferously!argues!that!privacy!is!a!larger!value!which!”allows!people!freedom!from!the!intrusiveness!of!others.”34!Nevertheless,!the!prevalence!of!this!view—that!you!only!need!privacy!if!you’re!doing!something!you!shouldn’t—leads!many!teens,!when!talking!about!their!desire!for!privacy,!to!disclaim!that!that!they!aren’t!being!”bad.”!!Aarti’s!desire!for!privacy!from!her!mother!isn’t!rooted!in!her!feelings!of!needing!to!hide,!but!rather!her!desire!to!have!control!over!the!social!situation.!!Aarti!feels!as!though!her!mother!should!understand!that!Facebook!isn’t!meant!for!her.!!Likewise,!when!I!asked!Chantelle!about!how!she’d!feel!if!her!teachers!looked!at!her!profile,!she!said:!!Chantelle,,15,,DC:,I’d,be,like,‘Why,are,they,on,my,page?’,I,wouldn’t,go,to,my,teacher’s,page,and,look,at,their,stuff,,so,why,should,they,go,on,mine,to,look,at,my,stuff?,…,I,mean,,they’re,not,going,to,find,nothing.,!What!these!teens!are!trying!to!vocalize!is!that!social!network!sites!should!have!understood!boundaries,!driven!by!a!collective!understanding!of!social!contexts.!!Yet,!online,!teens!are!regularly!facing!”collapsed!contexts”!as!friendship!and!family,!school!and!home!collide.35!!Teens!struggle!to!manage!these!different!contexts!simultaneously,!but!they!recognize!that!different!contexts!typically!involve!different!self^presentations.!!Carmen,,17,,MA:,At,least,with,me,,you,act,differently,around,different,people.,Everyone,I,know,,they,act,a,certain,way,around,certain,people.,,And,sometimes,you,only,want,them,to,know,that,part,of,you,I,guess.,,And,if,you,have,privacy,I,think,they,only,see,the,side,that,you,show,,where,if,you,don’t,have,privacy,then,they,see,everything.,!Young!people!recognize!that!privacy!isn’t!a!universal!value,!but!something!that’s!rooted!in!an!understanding!of!context.!!The!issue!for!them!is!not!about!who!can!physically!access!the!content,!but!who!should!be!present!with!them!and!what!is!socially!appropriate!given!those!people!and!given!that!context.!!To!reinforce!this!expectation,!teens!use!a!broad!variety!of!linguistic!and!structural!signals.!!While!early!users!of!MySpace!tried!to!signal!boundaries!on!social!network!sites!by!carefully!choosing!who!they!friended,!parents!often!forced!their!children!into!friending!them!as!a!condition!of!using!the!service,!devaluing!the!Friends!list!as!a!signal!of!the!intended!audience.!!Facebook!opened!up!to!colleges!and!high!schools!before!the!general!public,!creating!a!structural!boundary!that!is!now!defunct.!Today,!many!teens!use!language!to!signal!boundaries,!attempting!to!clearly!mark!Facebook!as!a!space!for!friends!by!using!casual!language,!social!photos,!in^jokes,!cultural!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!34!Solove,!Daniel!J.!(2007).!”‘I’ve!Got!Nothing!to!Hide’!and!Other!Misunderstandings!of!Privacy.”!San,Diego,Law,Review!44:!762.!35!For!a!more!detailed!discussion!of!collapsed!contexts,!see!Marwick!and!boyd!(2011b).! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,18!references,!and!other!styles!of!sharing!that!teens!use!when!they!are!with!each!other.!!Unfortunately,!many!adults!fail!to!recognize!these!strategies!as!signals,!instead!projecting!their!own!values!onto!teens’!practices!and!judging!teens!through!their!worldview.!!!!Hunter!is!a!geeky!14^year^old!living!in!inner!city!Washington!DC.!!His!mom!moved!from!Trinidad!when!his!older!half^siblings!were!quite!young!because!their!father!was!abusive.!!Hunter’s!mother!and!father!are!not!together,!but!Hunter!has!a!relationship!with!his!father,!unlike!his!older!(and,!for!that!matter,!younger)!siblings.!!Hunter!sees!himself!as!very!different!from!his!siblings!and!cousins,!who!he!identifies!as!”ghetto.”!In!his!words,!this!means,”not,really,caring,about,what,people,think,about,you…,[not,caring],about,being,smart,or,having,good,grades…,always,getting,into,trouble,,because,you,want,to,start,trouble,,not,‘cause,you,can’t,avoid,it.”!!To!describe!how!his!sister!”became”!ghetto,!he!explains,!”her,boyfriend,,he,doesn’t,treat,her,well,,and,she,has,a,baby,now,,and,,every,time,they,have,a,fight,,she,cuts,off,her,phone,,she,disconnects,her,phone,or,,if,it’s,disconnected,,she,doesn’t,want,to,talk,to,my,mom,,‘Oh,,I’m,not,feeling,well,’,but,she’s,always,on,Facebook,and,always,posting,all,kinds,of,nonsense,on,Facebook,which,is,one,of,the,things,my,mom,gets,so,upset,about.”!!Although!Hunter!laments!her!choices,!he!very!much!loves!his!sister!and!wants!her!in!his!life,!even!though!his!mother!worries!that!she’s!a!bad!influence!on!him.!!Hunter!feels!confident!about!who!he!is!–!a!geek!who!is!proud!of!his!intellectual!curiosity!and!prowess!and!who!is!gratified!to!be!an!honor!student!at!a!competitive!high!school.!Of!course,!he!also!recognizes!that!none!of!his!family!members,!other!than!his!mom,!value!his!academic!achievements,!esoteric!tastes,!or!passion!for!reading.!!On!Facebook,!Hunter!is!”friends”!with!his!sister!and!cousins!as!well!as!his!friends!from!school;!the!context!collisions!that!occur!on!the!site!are!a!constant!source!of!tension!for!Hunter.!!He!tries!to!make!it!clear!that!certain!status!updates!are!meant!for!certain!people,!but!his!family!members!regularly!miss!these!signals,!making!it!hard!for!him!to!manage!social!boundaries!on!Facebook.!!Hunter,,14,,DC:,,When,I’m,talking,to,my,friends,on,Facebook,or,I,put,up,a,status,,something,I,hate,is,when,people,who,I’m,not,addressing,in,my,statuses,comment,on,my,statuses.,,In,[my,old,school],,people,always,used,to,call,me,nerdy,and,that,I,was,the,least,black,black,person,that,they’ve,ever,met,,some,people,say,that,,and,I,said,on,Facebook,,”Should,I,take,offense,to,the,fact,that,somebody,put,the,ringtone,”White,and,Nerdy”,for,me?”,and,it,was,a,joke.,,I,guess,we,were,talking,about,it,in,school,,and,[my,sister],comes,out,of,nowhere,,”Aw,,baby,bro,”,and,I’m,like,,no,,don’t,say,that,,I,wasn’t,talking,to,you.,danah:,,How,do,people,know,who,is,being,talked,to,with,Facebook,status,updates?,Hunter:,,I,guess,that,is,a,point.,,Sometimes,it,probably,is,hard,,but,I,think,it’s,just,the,certain,way,that,you,talk.,,I,will,talk,to,my,sister,a,different,way,than,I’ll,talk,to,my,friends,at,school,or,from,my,friends,from,my,old,school,,and,I,might,say,,”Oh,,well,,I,fell,asleep,in,Miss,K’s,class,by,accident,”,and,they’ll,say,,”Oh,,yeah,,Miss,K,is,so,boring,”,and, Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,19!she’s,like,,”Oh,,well,,you,shouldn’t,fall,asleep.,,You,should,pay,attention.”,,I,mean,,I,think,you,can,figure,out,that,I’m,not,talking,to,you,if,I’m,talking,about,a,certain,teacher.,!Hunter’s!story!highlights!how!teens!attempt!to!assert!social!norms,!and!fail.!!Unable!to!manage!boundaries!through!the!assertion!of!social!norms,!teens!often!begin!experimenting!with!structural!and!social!strategies!to!achieve!privacy.!!Structural’Strategies’!Frustrated!by!his!sister!and!cousins’!failure!to!understand!what!he!perceived!as!acceptable!social!norms,!Hunter!decided!to!take!a!different!tactic!to!manage!the!collapsing!of!contexts!–!he!started!to!use!Facebook’s!blocking!feature!as!a!way!to!directly!limit!their!participation.!!For!example,!his!cousins!make!fun!of!his!preference!for!Pokémon!or!Legends!of!Zelda!over!shooter!games.!So!when!he!posts!about!video!games,!he!explicitly!blocks!his!cousins!so!that!they!won’t!post!negative!comments!about!his!enthusiasms!that!he!would!find!”embarrassing.”!!By!explicitly!blocking!people,!he!can!segment!his!audiences.!!But!he!also!knows!that!this!is!not!foolproof!and!that,!if!his!cousins!were!to!find!out,!they!would!be!quite!upset.!!In!his!mind,!his!only!other!alternatives!are!to!de^friend!them!or!delete!their!content;!neither!approaches!appeal!to!him,!so!he’s!hoping!that!they!won’t!accidentally!see!that!he’s!posting!content!that!they!can’t!see.!!The!social!pressure!against!de^friending!is!acute!to!the!point!where!teens!will!engage!in!elaborate!strategies!to!avoid!it.!!!Facebook!has!numerous!technical!features!that!can!be!used!to!segment!audiences!and!limit!the!visibility!of!information.!While!teenagers!do!use!these!features36,!they!often!have!mixed!understandings!and!faith!in!them.!!On!one!hand,!teens!generally!believe!that!they!can!use!Facebook’s!privacy!settings!to!keep!strangers!–!or!”creepers”!–!out;!this!is!often!what!motivates!them!to!actively!configure!their!settings!in!the!first!place.!!Of!course,!as!Brandimarte,!Acquisti,!and!Loewenstein!have!noted,!this!”illusion!of!control”!is!what!motivates!Facebook!users!to!share!more!with!the!service!in!the!first!place;!users!believe!that!they!have!kept!strangers!out!while!remaining!unaware!of!who!else!might!have!access!to!that!data!(such!as!Facebook!themselves).37!!While!teens!generally!do!not!account!for!invisible!third!parties,!they!do!account!for!eavesdroppers!and!gossipmongers.!From!this!perspective,!most!young!people!are!not!convinced!that!Facebook’s!privacy!settings!will!actually!help!them!control!how!information!flows.!!As!eavesdroppers!themselves,!they’ve!witnessed!content!leaking!when!someone’s!friend!posts!a!response!or!references!a!post.!!!And!they’re!fully!aware!that!friends!and!parents!are!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!36!boyd,!danah!and!Eszter!Hargittai!(2010).!”Facebook!Privacy!Settings:!Who!Cares?”!First,Monday!15!(8).!37!Brandimarte,!L.,!Acquisti,!A.,!and!Loewenstein,!G.!(in!review)!”Privacy!Concerns!and!Information!Disclosure:!An!Illusion!of!Control!Hypothesis.”!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,20!looking!over!people’s!shoulders,!accessing!information!in!ways!that!cannot!be!controlled!through!Facebook’s!privacy!settings.!!Thus,!teens!have!started!developing!innovative!structural!strategies!for!achieving!privacy!that!don’t!rely!on!Facebook’s!privacy!settings.!!!!One!of!the!most!common!strategies!that!both!teenagers!and!adults!use!is!to!separate!social!contexts!by!social!tool.!!For!instance,!some!teens!used!Facebook!and!MySpace!to!talk!to!different!social!cohorts.!!For!a!while,!teens!would!create!separate!MySpace!profiles!for!separate!purposes;!this!practice!was!rendered!obsolete!by!Facebook’s!insistence!on!one!account!per!user!and,!more!importantly,!by!the!recommended!Friends!feature!on!Facebook!that!regularly!outted!people’s!second!profiles.!!!!Most!of!the!teens!we!interviewed!used!multiple!communication!channels!and!considered!them!as!having!different!purposes.!!For!example,!teens!would!argue!that!Facebook!was!more!public^facing,!while!text!messaging!was!more!intimate.!!These!distinctions!were!not!always!driven!by!the!technical!affordances!of!the!modalities!as!much!as!the!social!practices!that!had!grown!up!around!them.!!When!17^year^old!Manu!from!North!Carolina!explained!that,!”Facebook,is,like,yelling,out,to,a,crowd,while,Twitter,is,just,like,talking,in,a,room,”,it!was!not!because!Twitter!is!inherently!more!private!than!Facebook,!but!because!his!peers,!parents!and!community!had!not!broadly!adopted!it.!Twitter!served!a!more!intimate!role!for!Manu!than!Facebook,!at!least!for!the!present!time.!!!Segmenting!friend!groups!by!service!is!relatively!common,!but!this!is!difficult!to!maintain,!especially!given!the!dominance!of!Facebook!in!the!lives!of!the!teens!we!interviewed.!!!Two!of!the!more!unique!strategies!we!found!for!achieving!privacy!were!described!by!18^year^old!Mikalah!and!17^year^old!Shamika!in!Washington!DC.!!Both!girls!have!limited!literacy,!but!extensive!street!smarts.!!Although!unwilling!to!talk!to!us!about!it,!Shamika!had!Mikalah’s!name!tattooed!on!her!arm!and!her!Facebook!profile!made!it!clear!that!they!were!in!a!relationship.!Both!girls!were!extremely!cagey!and!nervous!to!talk!with!us;!Shamika!opened!up!more!about!herself!than!Mikalah.!!But!each!described!unique!strategies!for!dealing!with!Facebook.!!To!Alice,!Mikalah!described!that!she!deactivated!her!Facebook!account!every!day!after!she!was!done!looking!at!the!site.!!Deactivation!was!introduced!by!Facebook!as!an!alternative!to!deletion;!users!could!deactivate!their!content!and!for!all!intents!and!purposes!would!disappear!from!the!site,!but!if!they!later!regretted!it!could!reactive!their!account!and!retrieve!all!of!the!content,!connections,!and!messages.!!Mikalah!did!this!every!day,!which!in!effect!made!it!so!that!her!friends!could!only!send!messages!or!leave!comments!when!she!was!logged!in.!!Through!this!mechanism,!Mikalah!turned!Facebook!into!a!real^time!service,!obliterating!both!the!benefits!as!well!as!the!consequences!of!asynchronicity.!!She!knew!that!adults!would!try!to!look!at!her!profile!during!the!daytime!and!she!didn’t!want!to!be!searchable;!she!regularly!had!to!deal!with!the!state!and!didn’t!trust!adults.!But!she!reasonably! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,21!assumed!that!most!adults!would!be!less!likely!to!be!looking!for!her!at!night!when!she!got!online.!!Thus,!in!effect,!she!created!an!invisibility!cloak!for!her!Facebook!usage!–!letting!her!stay!visible!to!those!that!could!see!her!when!she!was!around!and!being!invisible!to!the!prying!eyes!of!those!in!power!who!were!looking!for!her!when!she!wasn’t!around.!!Shamika!took!a!different!approach.!!As!she!explained!to!danah,!she!found!that!Facebook!contributed!to!drama!by!providing!a!plethora!of!past!comments!that!could!be!used!against!people!whenever!a!friendship!or!relationship!turned!sour.!!Thus,!she!preferred!to!minimize!her!risk!by!deleting!every!comment!she!received!after!she!read!it.!!Furthermore,!she’d!write!a!comment!on!someone!else’s!page!and!then!delete!it!the!next!day,!presumably!after!they!had!seen!it.!!Shamika’s!constant!deletion!turned!Facebook!into!a!more!ephemeral!space,!destabilizing!the!persistent!nature!of!the!space.!!While!Shamika!fully!understood!that!people!could!save!her!posts,!she!felt!that!the!extra!hurdle!was!the!difference!between!normal!and!creepy.!!For!her,!this!act!of!deletion!meant!a!reduction!in!conflict,!and!she!was!trying!to!stay!out!of!trouble!because!she!had!received!several!school!suspensions!already.!The!less!information!that!was!out!there!for!jealous!peers!to!misinterpret,!the!better.!!For!Shamika,!Facebook!is!a!”light!touch”!communication!structure,!meaning!that!she!can!check!in!with!what’s!happening!with!her!community!without!having!to!have!a!deep!emotional!investment;!this!is!very!important!to!her.!But!it!doesn’t!need!to!be!persistent!to!be!useful.!While!technical!strategies!to!limit!access!can!be!helpful,!these!techniques!are!not!foolproof.!!The!affordances!of!networked!publics!create!slippages.!Many!teens!have!stories!of!when!something!thought!to!be!relatively!”private”!on!Facebook!leaked!beyond!its!intended!context.!Whether!due!to!parents!watching!over!the!shoulder!or!friends!copying!and!pasting!status!messages,!the!technologies!do!not!provide!accurate!indicators!of!what!is!visible!to!whom,!highlighting!how!controlling!access!is!not!always!the!best!course.!!Social’Strategies’!Recognizing!that!social!norms!and!structural!limitations!are!often!ineffective,!many!teens!take!a!different!tactic!to!achieve!social!privacy:!they!limit!the!meaning!of!their!messages.!!This!is!not!a!new!strategy!for!the!digital!era,!nor!is!it!something!reserved!solely!for!teens,!but!the!complexity!of!achieving!privacy!in!networked!publics!has!motivated!countless!teens!to!act!assuming!that!they!are!being!surveilled.!!In!Massachusetts,!17^year^old!Carmen!regularly!struggles!to!manage!her!mother’s!misinterpretations!of!everything!she!says!on!Facebook.!!In!short,!Carmen’s!mother!has!a!tendency!to!overreact.!!Furthermore,!she!has!a!tendency!to!reveal!her!overreactions!in!the!form!of!Facebook!comments.!!Carmen,,17,,MA:,[My,mother],tends,to,comment,on,everything.,I’m,like,,go,away.,danah:,Do,you,ever,delete,her,comments?, Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,22!Carmen:,No,,because,then,I,feel,bad.,I,don’t,want,to,feel,bad.,She’s,gotten,better,,now,she,just,sends,me,messages.,danah:,Why,don’t,you,want,her,commenting?,Carmen:,Because,then,it,scares,everyone,away.,Everyone,kind,of,disappears,after,the,mom,post.,…,And,it’s,just,uncool,having,your,mom,all,over,your,wall,,that’s,just,lame.,!Carmen!loves!her!mother!and!likes!that!her!mother!cares!about!what’s!happening!in!her!life,!but!these!overreactions!can!be!stifling.!!When!Carmen!broke!up!with!her!boyfriend,!the!relationship!wasn’t!working!but!she!was!still!sad.!!She!wanted!her!friends!to!know!how!she!was!feeling,!but!she!was!afraid!that!if!she!posted!a!moody!message!to!Facebook,!her!mother!would!assume!she!was!suicidal.!!She!didn’t!want!to!upset!her!mother,!so!rather!than!posting!a!sappy!message,!she!chose!to!post!lyrics!from!”Always!Look!on!the!Bright!Side!of!Life.”!!Her!geeky!friends!immediately!recognized!the!song!from!”Life!of!Brian”!and!knew!that!the!song!was!sung!when!the!main!character!was!about!to!be!executed.!!Her!mother,!on!the!other!hand,!did!not!realize!that!the!words!were!a!song!lyric,!let!alone!recognize!the!Monty!Python!reference.!!She!took!the!words!literally!and!commented!on!Carmen’s!post,!noting!that!she!seemed!to!be!doing!really!well.!!Her!friends,!familiar!with!the!Monty!Python!reference!–!and!witnessing!Carmen’s!mother’s!misinterpretation!in!her!comment!–!texted!her!to!get!the!full!story.!!!!By!encoding!her!message!so!that!only!her!friends!can!decode!the!meaning!of!it,!Carmen!is!engaged!in!an!act!of!”social!steganography.”!!Steganography!is!an!age^old!tactic!of!hiding!information!in!plain!sight,!driven!by!the!notion!of!”security!through!obscurity.”38!!Stegnographic!messages!are!sent!through!channels!where!no!one!is!even!aware!that!a!message!is!hidden.!!For!example,!in!the!ancient!Greek!text!”The!Histories,”!Demaratus!hid!a!message!in!the!wood!beneath!the!wax!of!a!wax!tablet!while!Histiaeus!tattooed!a!message!on!a!slave’s!head!that!was!rendered!invisible!when!his!hair!grew.!!In!both!cases,!the!message!was!easily!accessible!but!required!knowing!that!a!message!existed!in!the!first!place.39!!Such!techniques!are!also!part!of!contemporary!children’s!play!with!toys!like!invisible!ink!pens.!!Steganography!isn’t!powerful!because!of!strong!encryption;!it’s!powerful!because!people!don’t!think!to!look!for!a!hidden!message.!!The!meaning!behind!Carmen’s!song!lyrics!post!is,!for!all!intents!and!purposes,!invisible.!!To!anyone!reading!the!message,!it!simply!looks!like!a!happy!post.!!And!even!if!the!reader!recognizes!it!as!song!lyrics!and!understands!the!Monty!Python!reference,!they!don’t!understand!the!full!implications!unless!they’re!close!enough!to!Carmen!to!know!that!she!just!ended!the!relationship!with!her!boyfriend.!!Unlocking!the!meaning!of!that!post!requires!recognizing!multiple!referents.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!38!Petitcolas,!Fabian!A.!P.,!Ross!J.!Anderson,!and!Markus!G.!Kuhn.!(1999,!July).!”Information!Hiding:!A!survey.”!!Proceedings!of!the!IEEE!(special!issue!on!protection!of!multimedia!content)!87!(7):!1062–78.!39!Ibid.! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,23!While!some!teens!choose!to!hide!in!plain!sight,!others!post!encoded!messages!intended!as!visible!displays!of!in^jokes!or!obscure!referents,!or!are!meant!to!encourage!certain!people!to!respond!while!isolating!others.!!In!North!Carolina,!17^year^old!Jacquelyn!posted!a!simple!message!on!her!Facebook:!”Yes!”!!As!a!premier!ballerina,!she!was!regularly!competing!for!roles!with!another!ballerina!who!she!did!not!particularly!like.!!She!regularly!complained!about!this!to!her!close!friends.!!When!the!second!ballerina!decided!to!leave!the!company,!Jacquelyn!immediately!wrote!”Yes!”!on!her!Wall.!!She!understood!that!her!closest!friends!would!probably!guess!what!had!just!happened!and!that!anyone!who!was!close!to!her!would!approach!her!in^person!or!via!text!message!to!ask!her!what!the!good!news!was.!!She!also!knew!that!if!she!was!asked!about!the!message!by!anyone!she!didn’t!want!to!share!the!gossip!with,!she!could!offer!an!alternative!explanation!to!the!seemingly!innocuous!message.!!Plausible!deniability!is!an!important!part!of!this!strategy.!!!!Jacquelyn!didn’t!want!to!start!any!drama,!which!is!why!she!was!intentionally!opaque!about!her!message,!but!other!teens!use!this!strategy!to!create!conflict.!!As!Camille!explains:!!!Camille,,17,,NC:,If,you’re,talking,about,somebody,on,Facebook,,they,can,see,it…,not,directly,talking,about,somebody,,but,talking,about,them,without,using,their,names,,and,then,,they’ll,start,talking,about,them,without,using,their,name,,and,it’s,obviously,they,know,they’re,making,fun,of,each,other.,Alice:,How,would,you,talk,about,someone,without,using,their,name?,Camille:,Like,everybody,will,use,a,quote,that,somebody,said,,and,then,they’ll,be,like,,that’s,so,stupid,or,something,,who,is,she,,and,then,another,person,will,say,it,,and,then,they’ll,,like,,respond,to,something,else,,and,kind,of,making,fun,of,them,indirectly,,fighting.,Alice:,So,why,do,you,think,someone,would,do,that?,Camille:,I,don’t,know,,it’s,drama,,kind,of,entertaining.,!In!North!Carolina,!danah!was!going!through!Facebook!with!17^year!old!Serena!when!she!stumbled!on!a!status!update!written!by!Kristy.!!Kristy’s!update!said:!”I’m!sick!and!tired!of!all!of!this”!and!was!already!”Liked”!by!more!than!30!people.!!Unable!to!interpret!the!post,!danah!asked!Serena!to!explain.!!Serena!began!a!lengthy!story!of!how!Kristy!was!fighting!with!another!girl,!Cathy,!over!a!boy.!Cathy!had!written!”She’s!such!a!bitch”!on!her!Facebook!wall,!which!was!liked!by!a!whole!host!of!Cathy’s!friends.!Kristy!had!posted!this!message!in!response,!and!now!Kristy’s!friends!had!backed!her!by!liking!the!update.!!Serena!was!a!bystander!in!this!argument,!but!she!knew!how!to!interpret!each!message;!danah,!as!an!outsider,!did!not.!!Cathy!and!Kristy!are!performing!for!others!to!see,!but!they!are!also!limiting!the!meaning!to!those!who!are!in!the!know.!!In!doing!so,!they!can!exclude!people!who!are!not!part!of!the!cycle!of!gossip!at!school,!namely!parents,!teachers,!and!peers!outside!of!their!immediate!social!sphere.!!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,24!When!teenagers!post!encoded!messages,!they!know!that!people!outside!of!their!intended!audience!will!be!curious.!Some!will!investigate,!while!others!will!be!upset.!!Still!others!find!the!uninterpretable!content!frustrating!because!it!clogs!up!Facebook.!!!!danah:,,And,how,do,you,feel,about,things,that,you,don’t,understand?,Jenna,,17,,NC:,,It,depends,who,it,is.,,If,it’s,someone,that,I,want,to,know,what,they’re,talking,about,then,I’ll,try,to,investigate,it.,,I’ll,look,at,the,wall,,a,conversation,or,something.,,But,if,it’s,like,that,I,don’t,really,care,what,so%and%so,is,doing.,I,have,friends,from,when,I,went,to,Malaysia.,They,were,all,about,Facebook.,So,I,have,50,friends,from,Malaysia,now.,,And,sometimes,I,hide,them,because,whatever,they’re,talking,about,is,confusing,to,me,because,I,don’t,know,what,they’re,talking,about,or,I,get,stuff,from,them,that,I,don’t,really,want.,,!Some!teens!view!encoded!messages!as!secrets!meant!to!be!decoded;!they!relish!the!opportunity!to!eavesdrop.!!Yet,!for!the!most!part,!many!young!people!see!such!messages!as!none!of!their!business,!choosing!to!ignore!them.!!Similarly,!plenty!of!teens!believe!that!just!because!a!message!can!be!seen!doesn’t!mean!that!others!should!be!looking.!!They!expect!people!to!ignore!what’s!not!meant!for!them.!!These!acts!of!encoding!messages!are!a!way!of!asserting!control!over!a!social!situation,!but!they!do!not!always!achieve!their!intended!effect,!particularly!when!peers!are!curious!and!nosy.!!!In!Massachusetts,!17^year!old!Kelly!was!unhappy!about!her!relationship!but!didn’t!have!the!nerve!to!break!up!with!her!seriously!depressed!boyfriend.!To!set!the!stage!for!doing!so,!she!started!posting!morbid!messages!and!unhappy!”emo”!lyrics!to!her!Facebook.!!Her!friends!knew!what!she!was!up!to!and!didn’t!confront!her!about!it,!but!a!girl!in!her!class!that!she!didn’t!know!very!well!took!these!messages!seriously!and!notified!their!guidance!counselor!that!Kelly!might!be!suicidal.!!Kelly!was!irritated!because!she!felt!that!those!messages!were!meant!for!those!closest!to!her,!not!people!she!barely!knew.!!!!Many!teens!have!started!to!realize!that!limiting!access!to!meaning!can!be!a!more!powerful!tool!for!privacy!than!trying!to!limit!access!to!content!itself.!!These!strategies!allow!them!to!restrict!information!based!on!social!knowledge,!not!structural!access.!!While!not!all!teenagers!are!carefully!crafting!content!to!be!understood!by!a!limited!audience,!many!are!exploring!techniques!to!express!themselves!privately!in!situations!where!they!assume!that!others!are!watching.!!They!are!not!always!prepared!for!how!their!content!gets!misinterpreted!–!and!they!still!believe!that!they!should!have!the!right!to!be!let!alone!–!but!they!are!actively!creating!counterpublics!in!full!view.!!!!Privacy’in’Public’! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,25!By!using!different!strategies!to!achieve!privacy!in!networked!publics,!teens!are!simultaneously!revealing!the!importance!of!privacy!and!public!life.!!They!want!to!participate!in!networked!publics,!but!they!also!want!to!have!control!over!the!social!situations!that!take!place!there.!!They!want!to!be!visible,!but!only!to!certain!people.!!They!want!to!be!recognized!and!validated,!but!only!by!certain!people.!This!is!not!a!contradictory!stance;!it!parallels!how!people!have!always!engaged!in!public!spaces.!!!!Examining!the!practices!of!urban!life,!sociologist!Erving!Goffman!recognized!that!people!regularly!go!out!of!their!way!to!ignore!each!other!in!busy!environments.!!In!restaurants,!people!often!dine!close!enough!to!overhear!every!conversation,!but!they!pretend!to!not!listen!in.!!This!act!of!”giving!someone!space”!is!a!gift!of!privacy.!!Goffman!calls!it!”civil!inattention.”40!!Civil!inattention!is!a!social!norm,!driven!by!an!ideal!of!respect.!!Staring!at!someone!or!openly!listening!in!on!their!conversations!is!a!violation!of!social!norms!which!makes!people!uneasy!because!it!is!experienced!as!an!invasion!of!privacy.!!For!teens,!the!same!holds!true!online;!they!expect!people!–most!notably,!those!who!hold!power!over!them!–!to!respect!their!space.!!Teens!often!use!the!language!of!surveillance!or!monitoring!to!highlight!the!difference!between!people!looking!at!them!for!sociable!purposes!rather!than!a!power^laden!gaze.!!For!example,!in!Iowa,!17^year^old!Sam!explains:!”I,just,think,it’s,a,complete,invasion,of,your,privacy,to,look,at,your,kids’,Facebook,unless,you,really,feel,like,they’re,in,danger.,But,I,know,that,there,are,parents,that,monitor,their,kids’,Facebook.”!!Sam!recognizes!that!most!parents!engage!in!acts!of!surveillance!because!they!are!worried,!but!he!still!doesn’t!agree!with!this.!!In!other!words,!just!because!people!have!access!doesn’t!mean!that!they’re!welcome.!!This!is!a!refrain!that!underscores!teens’!general!attitudes!towards!privacy!in!networked!publics.!!Both!online!and!offline,!teens!have!been!excluded!from!public!spaces!or!told!that!they!aren’t!welcome.!!As!Gill!Valentine!has!documented,!moral!panics!–!such!as!”stranger!danger”!–!are!often!used!to!justify!young!people’s!exclusion!from!public!places.41!!In!examining!how!public!parks!went!from!child^friendly!to!dangerous!through!the!use!of!stranger!danger!messaging,!she!argued!that!”by!reproducing!a!misleading!message!about!the!geography!of!danger,!stranger^danger!educational!campaigns!contribute!towards!producing!public!space!as!‘naturally’!or!‘normally’!an!adult!space!where!children!are!at!risk!from!‘deviant’!others.”42!!!These!same!moral!panics!have!been!used!to!explain!why!teens!should!not!be!using!social!network!sites.43!!Yet!teens!continue!to!flock!to!networked!publics!precisely!because!they!are!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!40!Goffman,!E.!1966.!Behavior,in,public,places:,notes,on,the,social,organization,of,gatherings.!New!York:!Simon!and!Schuster.!!41!Valentine,!Gill.!2004.!Public!Space!and!the!Culture!of!Childhood.!Hants,!UK:!Ashgate.!42!Ibid,!p.!27.!43!Marwick,!Alice.!2008.!”To!Catch!a!Predator?!The!MySpace!Moral!Panic.”!First!Monday!13(6):!article!3.!Retrieved!December!3,!2008!(http://www.uic.edu/htbin.cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2152/1966).! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,26!some!of!the!only!spaces!to!which!they!have!access.44!!In!trying!to!create!a!place!for!themselves!in!these!spaces,!they!are!not!trying!to!be!public,!but!rather,!to!be!in!a!public.!!They!want!a!space!where!they!can!socialize!with!peers!and!make!sense!of!public!life!more!generally.!!Public!life!has!value!beyond!political!ideals;!it!is!through!participation!in!public!life!that!people!develop!a!sense!of!social!norms,!learn!to!navigate!social!relations,!and!begin!to!understand!society!writ!large.!!The!politicized!public!sphere!cannot!exist!without!the!social!public!sphere.!!By!engaging!in!networked!publics,!teens!are!taking!the!first!step!towards!being!public!citizens;!they!are!trying!to!understand!who!they!are!in!relation!to!larger!society.!!Engaging!in!public!life!does!not!entail!throwing!privacy!out!the!window.!!!!Privacy!is!in!a!state!of!flux!not!because!the!values!surrounding!it!have!radically!changed,!but!because!the!infrastructure!through!which!people!engage!with!each!other!has.!!Networked!technologies!introduce!new!challenges,!particularly!in!environments!that!are!public^by^default.!!Privacy!cannot!be!assumed,!especially!when!powerful!individuals!or!entities!are!interested!in!leveraging!newfound!opportunities!for!access!to!undermine!social!norms.!!When!parents!assert!that!they!have!the!right!to!know!simply!because!information!is!accessible,!they!undermine!their!children’s!agency.!!And!agency!is!essential!to!being!able!to!achieve!privacy.!!Fundamentally,!privacy!is!a!social!norm.!!Legal!regulation!is!legislated!to!protect!individuals!from!harm.!!The!market!competes!in!opposite!directions,!trying!to!”win”!both!by!enhancing!privacy!and!leveraging!opportunities!to!invade!people’s!privacy!for!financial!gains.!!Likewise,!technologies!will!be!built!both!to!protect!and!erode!privacy.!!But!when!it!comes!to!social!privacy,!the!biggest!battles!will!be!around!the!social!norms!that!regulate!it.!!In!other!words,!what!is!socially!appropriate!in!networked!publics?!!How!are!norms!signaled!and!violations!recognized?!!What!social!sanctions!can!be!used!to!curb!violations?!There!are!no!clear!answers!to!this,!but!what!is!clear!is!that!teenagers!are!working!hard!to!bring!social!norms!into!the!equation.!!They’re!developing!strategies!for!managing!privacy!in!public!spaces!as!they!try!to!assert!control!over!social!situations.!!They!may!not!always!be!successful,!and!they!may!consistently!face!violations!of!their!privacy,!but!they!are!not!discarding!privacy!as!a!result.!!’References!’Allen,!A.!L.!(1999).!Coercing!Privacy.!William,and,Mary,Law,Review!40!(3):!723–724.!!Anderson,!Benedict.!(2006).!Imagined,Communities:,Reflections,on,the,Origin,and,Spread,of,Nationalism.!New!ed.!New!York:!Verso.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!44!boyd!2008b.! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,27!!Arendt,!Hannah.!(1998).!The,Human,Condition.!Chicago,!IL:!University!of!Chicago!Press!!boyd,!danah!(2006).!”Friends,!Friendsters,!and!MySpace!Top!8:!Writing!Community!Into!Being!on!Social!Network!Sites.”!First!Monday,!11!(12).!!boyd,!d.!(2007).!Why!youth!(heart)!social!network!sites:!The!role!of!networked!publics.!In!Youth,,identity,and,digital,media,!ed.!D.!Buckingham,!119–142.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press.!!boyd,!d.!(2008a).!”Facebook’s!Privacy!Trainwreck:!Exposure,!invasion,!and!social!convergence.”!Convergence:,The,International,Journal,of,Research,into,New,Media,Technologies!14!(1):!13–20.!!boyd,!d.!(2008b).!Taken!out!of!context:!American!teen!sociality!in!networked!publics.!PhD!Dissertation,!University!of!California,!Berkeley.!http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1344756.!’boyd,!danah!and!Eszter!Hargittai!(2010).!”Facebook!Privacy!Settings:!Who!Cares?”!First,Monday!15!(8).!’Brandimarte,!L.,!Acquisti,!A.,!and!Loewenstein,!G.!(in!review)!”Privacy!Concerns!and!Information!Disclosure:!An!Illusion!of!Control!Hypothesis.”!!’Cohen,!J.!E.!(2003).!DRM!and!privacy.!Communications,of,the,ACM,!46,!46–49!’Gavison,!Ruth.!(1980).!Privacy!and!the!limits!of!the!law.!Yale,Law,Journal,89:!421^471.!’Esguerra,!R.!(2009).!Google!CEO!Eric!Schmidt!Dismisses!the!Importance!of!Privacy.!Electronic,Frontier,Foundation.!Retrieved!from!https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/12/google^ceo^eric^schmidt^dismisses^privacy!’Fraser,!Nancy.!(1992).!”Rethinking!the!Public!Sphere:!A!Contribution!to!the!Critique!of!Actually!Existing!Democracy.”!Pp.!109–142!in!Habermas,and,the,Public,Sphere,!edited!by!Craig!Calhoun.!Cambridge,!MA:!The!MIT!Press.!(page!123)!’Goffman,!E.!(1966).!Behavior,in,public,places:,notes,on,the,social,organization,of,gatherings.!New!York:!Simon!and!Schuster.!’Habermas,!Jèurgen.!1991.!The,Structural,Transformation,of,the,Public,Sphere:,An,Inquiry,into,a,Category,of,Bourgeois,Society.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press.! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,28!’Hoofnagle,!Chris!Jay,!Jennifer!King,!Su!Li,!and!Joseph!Turow.!(2010,!April!14).!”How!Different!are!Young!Adults!from!Older!Adults!When!it!Comes!to!Information!Privacy!Attitudes!and!Policies?”!!Working!paper!available!at:!http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1589864!!Johnson,!B.!(2010,!January!11).!Privacy!no!longer!a!social!norm,!says!Facebook!founder.!The,Guardian.!London.!Retrieved!from!http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook^privacy.!’Lamont,!M.,!and!V.!Molnar.!(2002).!The!study!of!boundaries!in!the!social!sciences.!Annual,Review,of,Sociology!167–196.!!Lenhart,!Amanda,!K.!Purcell,!A.!Smith,!and!K.!Zickuhr.!(2010).!Social,media,and,young,adults.!Washington,!DC:!Pew!Internet!&!American!Life!Project,!February!3.!http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social^Media^and^Young^Adults.aspx.!!Lessig,!Lawrence.!(2006).!Code:,Version,2.0.!New!York:!Basic!Books.!Retrieved!from!http://codev2.cc/!!Livingstone,!Sonia.!(2005).,Audiences,and,Publics:,When,Cultural,Engagement,Matters,for,the,Public,Sphere.,Portland,!OR:!Intellect!!Locke,!John!L.!(2010).!Eavesdropping:,An,Intimate,History.!New!York:!Oxford!University!Press,!USA.!!Marwick,!Alice.!(2008).!To!Catch!a!Predator?!The!MySpace!Moral!Panic.!First!Monday!13(6):!article!3.!http://www.uic.edu/htbin.cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2152/1966.!!Marwick,!Alice,!Murgia^Diaz,!D.,!&!Palfrey,!John.!(2010).!Youth,,privacy,and,reputation,(literature,review)!(Berkman!Center!Research!Publication!No.!2010^5).!Boston:!Berkman!Center!for!Internet!and!Society!at!Harvard!University.!Retrieved!from!http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1588163!!Marwick,!Alice!and!danah!boyd.!(2011b).!”The!Drama!!Teens,!Gossip!and!Celebrity.”!Popular,Culture,Association/American,Culture,Association,Annual,Meeting,!San!Antonio,!TX,!April!20^24.!!Marwick,!Alice!and!danah!boyd.!(2011a).!”I!tweet!honestly,!I!tweet!passionately:!Twitter!users,!context!collapse,!and!the!imagined!audience.”!New,Media,&,Society!13!(1):!114^133.!! Work%in%Progress,Paper,for,discussion,at,the,Privacy,Law,Scholar’s,Conference,on,June,2,,2011,in,Berkeley,,CA.,Please,do,not,cite,without,contacting,authors,first.,Feedback,wanted!,!!Draft,Date:,May,9,,2011,29!Misur,!S.!(2011,!April!11).!Old!Saybrook!High!School!makes!privacy!point;!Some!perturbed!when!real!students!shown!in!social^media!slide!show.!Shoreline,Times.!New!Haven,!CT.!Retrieved!from!http://www.shorelinetimes.com/articles/2011/04/11/news/doc4da2f3cb5caae518276953.txt!!Nippert^Eng,!Christena!E.!(2010).!Islands,of,Privacy.!Chicago:!University!of!Chicago!Press.!!Nissenbaum,!Helen.!(2010).!Privacy,in,Context:,Technology,,Policy,,and,the,Integrity,of,Social,Life.!Palo!Alto,!CA:!Stanford!University!Press.!!Petitcolas,!Fabian!A.!P.,!Ross!J.!Anderson,!and!Markus!G.!Kuhn.!(1999,!July).!”Information!Hiding:!A!survey.”!!Proceedings!of!the!IEEE!(special!issue!on!protection!of!multimedia!content)!87!(7):!1062–78.!!Regan,!P.!(1995).!Legislating,Privacy.,Chapel!Hill:!University!of!North!Carolina!Press!!Reiman,!J.!(1976).!Privacy,!intimacy!and!personhood.!Philosophy,and,Public,Affairs,6(1):!26^44.!!Solove,!Daniel!J.!(2004).!The,digital,person:,Technology,and,privacy,in,the,information,age.!New!York:!New!York!University!Press!!Solove,!Daniel!J.!(2007).!‘I’ve!Got!Nothing!to!Hide’!and!Other!Misunderstandings!of!Privacy.!San,Diego,Law,Review!44:!762.!!Strandburg,!K.!J.!(2011).!Home,!Home!on!the!Web:!The!Fourth!Amendment!and!Technosocial!Change.!Maryland,Law,Review.!!Valentine,!Gill.!(2004).!Public,Space,and,the,Culture,of,Childhood.!Hants,!UK:!Ashgate!!Warner,!Michael.!2002.!Publics,and,Counterpublics.!Cambridge,!MA:!MIT!Press!!Warren,!S.D.!&!Brandeis,!L.D.,!(1890).!Right!to!Privacy.!Harvard,Law,Review,!4,!193.!!Westin,!A.!(1967).!Privacy,and,Freedom.!New!York:!Atheneum.!!!!Zimmer,!Michael.!(2007).!The,Quest,for,the,Perfect,Search,Engine:,Values,,Technical,Design,,and,the,Flow,of,Personal,Information,in,Spheres,of,Mobility!(PhD!Dissertation,!Department!of!Media,!Culture,!and!Communication).!New!York!University,!New!York.!
Repairing_Online_Reputation
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